Ti'eves, Councils of {Concilium Trevirense), take their name from Treves, a town of Khenish Prussia, in which they were held. The town is situated on the rifilit bank of the Moselle, and had in 1871 a population of •21,442. It is a decayed place, noted for its ultra- montanism. The cathedral contains many relics — the principal one being the Holy Coat of Treves — and Ro- man remains. It has a priestly seminary, a gymnasium, a library of 100,000 volumes, a museum full of valuable antiquities — including the famous Coder Aureus, or MS. of the Gospel in gold letters, presented to the Ab- bey of St. Maximin by Ada, sister of Charlemagne.
I. The First Council was held in 948. The legate Marinus, the archbisho]) of Treves, and several bishops here excommunicated Hugo, count of Paris, and two pretended bisiiops, made by Hugo, the pseudo-archbish- op of Rheims. See Mansi, Caiicil. ix, 632. See Ingel- HEi:\i.
II. The Second Council was held in 1548 bj' John, count of Isembourg, archbishop of Treves, who presided. Ten chapters, and a decree against the concubinary clergy, were published. See Mansi, Condi, xiv, 006.
III. The Third Council was held by John, archbishop of Treves, in 1549. Twenty canons were published.
1. Forbids to believe, hold, or teach any other than the Roman doctrine.
2, 3, 4. Of preachers.
6. Orders that the hours he duly said by clerks, and that those who cannot attend at the time iu the choir shall say them privately.
9. Of ilie celebration of the mass.
10. Provides for lessening the number of festivals, and gives a list of those which shall in any case he retained.
11, 12. Of the religious and their houses.
1.5. Of schools.
17, IS. Of the immunity of churches.
lit. Of the life and depoitment of the clergy.
20. Provides that Ihe heads of monasteries and colleges, and others of the clergy, shall be supplied with a copy of these canons.
See Mansi, xiv, 705. — Landon, ^^anuul of Councils, s. v.
Treves, Holy Coat of. See Holy Coat of Treves.
Trevett, Bassett, D.D., a clergyman of the Prot- estant Ejiiscopal Church, was a native of New York. He was ordained in 1841, became professor of languages in St. James's College, Maryland, in 1843, and occujiied the same position in St. John's College, .\nnapolis, Md., being elected thereto in 1855. Subsequently he be- came rector of St. James's Church, North Salem, N. J., a position which he held at the time of his death, JMarch 8, 1865. See .4 mer. Quar. Church Rev, July, 1865, p. 321.
Trial, a term used in Scripture only in the sense of lestinfj (usually some form of "113, SoKifj)) or Cok-i'jUioj'; but once HSp, Job ix, 23 , elsewhere " temptation" [q. V. ]; and so irttpa, Heb. xi, 36; Tri'pwtTic, " fiery trial," 1 Pet. iv, 12, Wt.burriinc^ as elsewhere rendered), to denote painful circumstances into which persons are brought by divine Providence with a view to illustrate the perfections of God, bring to light the real character of those who are thus tried, and by the influence of temporal suffering, which shows the transitory nature and uncertain tenure of all earthly advantages, to pro- rt.ote their eternal and spiritual interests. See Tempt.
TRIAL, Church. See Excommunication.
TRI.\L, Forensic (denoted in Heb. by 'Ji'l, to hold a court, while UDw'Q is the sentence rendered by the judge, whether favorable or adverse, both terms being nsually rendered •'judgment" in the A. V. ; Gr. Kplmg}. Originally the head of the family was the umpire among the Hebrews, with the power of life and death (comp. Dent, i, 16). Later the elders (q. v. ) succeeded to a similar authority. According to the Mosaic law, there
were to be judges in all the cities, whose duty it was to exercise judicial authority over the surrounding neigh- borhood. Weighty causes were submitted to tlie su- preme ruler. Originally trials were everywhere sum- mary. Closes, in his laws, did not establish any more formal or complicated method of procedure. He was, nevertheless, anxious that strict justice should be ad- ministered, and therefore frequently inculcated the idea that God was a witness (Exod. x.\, 21; xxiii, 1-9; Lev. xix, 15; Dent, xxiv, 14, 15). In ancient times, the forum or place of trial was in the (/ates of cities (Gen. xxiii, 10: Dent, xxi, 19). In the trial the ac- cuser and the accused appeared before the judge or judges (xxv, 1), and both the implicated parties stood up. The witnesses were sworn, and in capital cases also the parties concerned (I Sam. xiv, 37-40; Matt. xxvi, 63). In order to establish the accusations, two witnesses were necessary, and, including the accuser, three. The witnesses were examined separately, but the accused person had the liberty to be present when they gave their testimony (Numb, xxxv, 30; Dent, xvii, 1-15; Mark xxvi, 59). The sentence was pro- nounced soon after the completion of the examination, and the criminal, without any delay, even if the oflFence was a capital one, was taken to the place of punishment (Josh, vii, 22; 1 Sam. xxii, 8; 1 Kings ii, 23). See L'Emperenr, De Legibus Ilebrceoruni Forensibus (Lugd. 1637); Ziegler, De Juribus Judceorum (Vitemb. 1684). See Judge.
The following remarks respecting certain special in- stances of judicial proceedings in the New Test, are taken from Smith's Diet, of the Bible: