THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of Arras (c. 500; vacant 545-1093); archbishopric of Chambery (1775; raised to archbishopric 1817), with the suffragan bishoprics of Annecy (1822), St. Jean-de-Mnurienne (c. 577), and Tarentaise (see at Moutiers; c. 420); archbishopric of Lyons (c. 150), with the suffragan bishoprics of Autun (c. 270), Dijon (1731), Grenoble (381), Langres, (before 220). and St. Claude (1742); archbishopric of Paris (c. 100; raised to archbishopric 1622), with the suffragan bishoprics of Blois (1697), Chartres (before 390s), Meaux (before 549), Orleans (before 344), and Versailles (1S02); archbishopric of Reims (c. 290), with the suffragan bishoprics of Amiens (c. 303), Beauvais (c. 250), Chalons (c. 290), and Soissons (c. 290); archbishopric of Rennes (358; raised to archbishopric 1859), with the suffragan bishoprics of Quimper (c. 444), St. Brieuc (800), and Vannes (c. 448); archbishopric of Rouen (c. 250), with the suffragan bishoprics of Bayeux (c. 390), Coutances (c. 429), Evreux (c. 412), and Seez (2d century); archbishopric of Sens (c. 275), with the suffragan bishoprics of Moulins (1817), Nevers (c. 505), and Troyes (before 344); archbishopric of Toulouse (c. 257; raised to archbishopric 1317), with the suffragan bishoprics of Carcassonne (before 589), Montauban (1317), andPamiers (1295); and archbishopric of Tours (c. 250), with the suffragan bishoprics of Angers (before 372), Laval (1855), Le Mans (before 451), and Nantes (before 374). [The above dates have been supplied by the editors from P B. Gams, Series episcoporum ecclesiee catholicce (Regensburg, 1872), and in many cases they are too early, especially those for Limoges and Paris, both of which were probably founded about 250. Fifty-seven sees, not included in the list given above were suppressed by Napoleon in 1801; and a few others have gone out of existence at various times.]
The clergy subordinated to the bishops, apart from the cathedral chapters, were variously graded
with respect to their official powers 3. The and the State allowances. The num- Clergy. ber of vicars-general in 1904 was 185;
and these were paid by the State 2,500 francs a year (18 were paid 3,500 francs); the canons received, until 1885, a State stipend of 1,000 francs each. Among the parochial clergy, the majority of those officiating in dependent churches were distinguished, by the State's request, from the parish priests, or cures, as desservants (see Chaplain) and vicaires (curates). In 1904 there were 31,000 of these clerical assistants, of whom 18,420 were paid 900 francs, while those over sixty years of age received 1,000 to 1,300 francs. Those incumbents who by the Concordat's terms were designated as priests of the first class (1,121) received an allowance from the State of 1,500 and 1,600 francs; and priests of the second class (2,530) 1,200 francs. The pretres habituels (about 4,000), employed more and more frequently in the cities, received smaller amounts. These regulations and the State allowances continued in force until 1906.
The repeal of the Concordat on the side of the State, and the separation law of December 11, 1905, radically altered the situation of the Church. Besides the public instruction law of 1886 had already
begun to drive the clergy out of the schools, and
the so-called association law of July 1, 1901 had
nearly done away with the congrega-
4. Religious tions and religious orders. The law of Orders. 1886 decreed that all public instruction
should be given only by teachers outside of the clergy; so that no priest can set foot in the schools to give religious instruction, which hereafter can be given only in premises belonging to the Church, and only privately to voluntary pupils. Despite all this, the continued maintenance of schools under church administration, with clergy or sisters as teachers, was still possible, since free instruction under State supervision was not forbidden. Accordingly, on January 1, 1899, the ratio of such schools to State schools was as three to four. The statistical compilation of these facts was promoted by the law of 1901, which was aimed particularly against the existence and the educational activity of religious orders. Even as far back as 1880 the Jesuits had been banished from France, though the measure was not completely carried out; but in 1901 all orders not approved by the State were forbidden to teach in the schools. There were sanctioned only five male orders: the Congregations for Foreign Missions, the Lazarists, the Fathers of the Holy Ghost, the Sulpicians, and the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The latter alone were a brotherhood for teaching and, like the rest, had in law the rights of a person. These rights were not accorded to the female congregations; but their local establishments had received specific authorization. Hence there were 905 congregations of women which were approved by the State. In 1890 the membership of female congregations amounted to about 130,000. While there were only some twenty actual congregations of women, with numerous establishments scattered through the country, the number of unauthorized associations far exceeded the 905 approved ones. The external motive for the
Law for the separation of the Church
5. Separa- from the State, passed Dec. 11, 1905, tion of and in force since Jan. 1, 1906, lay in Church the disputed construction of the State's
and State, right to nominate bishops, and in the application of art. 20 of the Organic Articles to episcopal attendance before the pope in Rome. Only rarely in the days of the monarchical governments had any difference of opinion occurred in relation to a bishop, and in 1S84 the pope effectually refused recognition of a bishop nominated by the government. Not until 1903 was it definitely demanded by the State that the nomination be recognized as an episcopal appointment. The law of separation first of all repeals all State and municipal appropriations for public worship. &tablishments of worship are declared to he abrogated and are to be reconstructed as religious associations (Law of July 1, 1901), to which the property of the abrogated ecclesiastical establishments becomes transferred. For the organization of such associations there is needed a quorum of but seven persons in communities of less than 1 ,000 inhabitants; fifteen in communities of 1,000 to 20,000, etc.; and only twenty-five in communities with more than 200,- 000 inhabitants. The churches and chapels, epis-