* The paronomasia of KaraToixy and Treptroji^ used by St. Paul here is one of several instances in which he employs that figure of speecll : e.g. ixtjSev epyafo/ae'cou? oAAd jrepiepyafo/oieVous (2 Til 311).
CITIZENSHIP
CLAUDIA
213
munity contained also those who ■were not full citizens, but had certain privileges, viz. resident aliens (/jl^toikoi ; of. the scriptural wdpoiKOL, irapeirl- dviJ.01, Eph 219, 1 p 211, etc.)._ There was also a third class, ^evoi, strangers with no privileges at all, and a fourth class, the slaves, who were mere chattels. In such a constitution each citizen had to be enrolled in a particular tribe ((pv\ri, tribus). St. Paul refers with pride to his citizenship of Tarsus in Cilicia, his native city (Ac 2P^). As a citizen of Tarsus he must have belonged to a par- ticular tribe, and it has been plausibly conjectured by W. M. Ramsay that the ' kinsmen ' of St. Paul referred to in Eo 16 were his fellow-tribesmen of Tarsus.
One kind of citizenship in the Apostolic Age swamped every other, and that was citizenship of Rome. This fact is well illustrated by a much earlier document — Cicero's speech, pro Balbo (56 B.C.). In it the principle is affirmed that ' no one could be a citizen of Rome and of other cities at the same time, while foreigners who were not Roman citizens could be on the burgess-rolls of any number of cities' (ed. J. S. Reid, 1878, p. 18). The spread of the Roman citizenship kept pace with the growth of the Empire. At first only in- habitants of Rome could be Roman citizens, but the citizenship was gradually extended as a result of Rome's conquests. It could be conferred both on comnmnities and on individuals. Moreover, it was of two kinds or grades. In addition to the full citizenship, a limited citizenship existed till about 200 B.C. — ciuitas sine suffragio, implying that the persons who possessed it had all the privi- leges of a Roman citizen except the power to vote in the assemblies and to hold office. The constant conferment of this limited ciuitas added greatly to the Roman army and territory, and was not in- tended for the subjects' good. By the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. there were many country towns of Italy (municipia) which possessed citizen rights, and, as the result of the Social War and the Lex lulia (90 B.C.), the Lex Plautia Papiria (89 B.C.), a senatorial edict of 86 B.C., and a law of Julius Caesar (49 B.C.), all peoples in Italy south of the Alps obtained the Roman citizenship. Such com- munities were created also outside Italy by Julius Cajsar, Claudius, Vespasian, and others, untilin A.D. 212, under Caracalla, every free inhabitant of the Roman Empire obtained the full Roman franchise.
The inhabitants of colonice required no grant of citizenship because they were of necessity Roman citizens from the first ; a colonia was in origin simply a bit of Rome set down in a foreign country, to keep a subject people in check. It had complete self-government (see art. Colony). The smaller fora and conriliahula had in Republican times incomplete self-government. The municipia, re- ferred to above as incorporated bodily in the Roman State, had complete self-government, difier- ing thus from the proefecturce, which were also communities of Roman citizens but without com- plete self-government.
The partial citizenship known as Latinitas or ius Lata deserves mention. It conferred com- mercium (the right to trade with Rome, and to acquire property by Roman methods, etc.), but not conubium (the right of intermarriage with Romans). It was thus a kind of intermediate condition between citizenship and peregrinity, and such rights were not infrequently conferred on communities as a kind of step towards the full citizenship. The name is explained by the origin of the practice. It began in Rome's early days as the result of her relations with other towns in the Latin League, and in 172 B.C. was first extended beyond Latium. Magistrates in such towns be- came ipso facto full Roman citizens.
The conferment of citizenship on individiials has a special interest for students of the Apostolic Age. During the whole of the Republican period the extension of the body of burgesses was the right of the coiiiitia tributa. This assembly con- ferred the citizenship from time to time on indi- vidual strangers (peregrini) as well as on communi- ties. Commissioners for carrying out colonization or divisions of ager publicus could confer it on a very limited number of persons, and C. Marius re- ceived such a power. About the time of the civil wai's, Roman commanders conferred the citizenship on individual foreigners who had aided the Roman military operations. This must often have been done without the authority of any statute, but no one was ever disfranchised in consequence. Pom- pey, however, obtained the right, by the Lex Gellia Cornelia of 72 B.C., to confer the citizenship on individuals after consulting with his body of advisers. It was probably either from him or from Julius C.'Bsar that the father or grandfather of St. Paul obtained the Roman citizenship. Tar- sus as a community had not received the Roman franchise, nor was it a colonia. The possession of this honour (Ac 16^'' 22^^-) shows that his family was one of distinction and wealth. Members of such provincial communities who possessed the Roman citizenship constituted the aristocracy of these communities. During the Empire the bur- gesses could be added to by the Emperor only, and every citizen had the right to a trial at Rome. Of this right St. Paul took advantage (Ac 25'").