Literature. — On Greek crnzBNSinp : P. Gardner and F. B. Jevons, A Manual oj Greek Antiquities, London, 1S95, bk. vi. ; G. Gilbert, Uandbuch der griechischen Staatsalterthiimer, i.2 [Leipzig, 1S93], ii. [18S5] (Eng. tr. of vol. i:^ = The Cmstitu- tional Antiquities of Sparta and Athens, London, 1895); K. F. Hermann, Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquituten, i.ti (Freiburg i. B., 1889-1892], ii. [1895].— On Roman citizenship: J. Muirhead, Historical Introduction to the Private Law of Rome, Edinburgh, 1886 (new ed. by H. Goudy, 1899) ; J. S. Reid, ' On Some Questions of Roman Public Law,' in Journal of Roman Studies, i. [1911] 68-99 ; J. E. Sandys, A Companion to Latin Stttdies-, Cambridge, 1913, vi. 1 (J. S. Reid), vi. 7, 8 (B. W. Henderson) and Literature cited there ; Th. Mommsen, Riimisches Staatsrechts , Leipzig, 1887. — On St. Paul's Rohan CITIZENSHIP : W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, LondoD, 1895, pp. SOf., 225.
A. SOUTER.
CLAUDA.— See Cauda.
CLAUDIA {K\avSla). — Claudia was a Christian lady of Rome who was on friendly terms Avith the Apostle Paul at the date of his second imprison- ment, and who, along with Eubulus, Pudens, and Linus (qq.v.), sends a gi-eeting to Timothy (2 Ti 4'-'). This is all we know with any certainty re- garding her. The name suggests that she belonged to the Imperial household, and various conjectures have been made as to her identity, though there is very little in the nature of certain data. Prob- ably she was a slave, but it is not impossible that she was a member of tlie gens Claudia. In the Apostolic Constitutions (vii. 46) she is regarded as the mother of Linus {Aivos 6 KXavdlas). An in- scription found on the road between Rome and Ostia (CIL vi. 15066) to the memory of the infant child of Claudius Pudens and Claudia Quinctilla has given rise to the conjecture that this was the Claudia of St. Paul and that she was the wife of the Pudens of 2 Ti 4-^ Another ingenious but most improbable theory identihes Claudia with Claudia Rutina, the wife of Aulus Pudens, the friend of Martial (Epigr. iv. 13, xi. 34), and thus makes her a woman of British race. This Claudia of Martial has again been identified with an imaginary Claudia suggested by a fragmentary inscription found at Chichester in 1722 which seems to record the erection of a temple by a certain Pudens with the approval of Claudius Cogidubnus, who is supposed to be a British king mentioned in
214
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CLAUDIUS
Tacitus (Agrkola, xiv.) and the father of the Claudia wlio had adopted the name [cognomen) Kutiiia from Pomponia the wife of Aulus Plautius, the Roman governor of Britain (A.D. 43-52). E. H. Plumptre in Ellicott's NT Commentary (ii. 186) confidently asserts tlie identity of the Claudia of St. Paul with the friend of Martial and the daughter of Cogidubnus. All such identification is, however, extremely precarious. The theory that Claudia is the daughter of the British prince Caractacus who had been brought to Rome with his wife and children is a product of the inventive imagination. Lightfoot (Apostolic Fathers, I. i. 76-79) discusses the whole question of identifica- tion, and decides that, apart from the want of evidence, the position of the names of Pudens and Claudia in the text 2 Ti 4-^ disposes of the possi- bility of their being husband and wife — a diffi- culty which Plumptre evades by the supposition that they were married after the Epistle was Avritten. The low moral character of Martial's friend Pudens can hardly be explained away sutK- ciently to make him a likely companion of St. Paul (cf. Merivale, St. Paul at Borne, 149).
LiTERATURB.— E. H. Plumptrc, in Ellicott's NT Com., 1884, vol. ii. p. ISo : ' Excursus on the later vears of St. Paul's life ' ; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, 1S90, i. L 76-79 ; C. Meri- vale, St. Paul at Rome, 1877, p. 149; T. Lewin, Life and Epistles of St. Paidi, 1875, ii. 397 ; artt. in HDB and EBi ; Conybeare-Howson, Life and Epistles of St. Paul, new ed., 1877, IL 582, 594. \V. F. BOYD.
CLAUDIUS — Claudius, or, to give him his full Imperial style, Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (to which the honorary titles Britan- nicus and Sarmaticus [see Papyr. Brit. Mus. 1178 = G. Milligan, Selections from the Greek Papyri, 1910, no. 40] are sometimes added), the son of Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 B.C.), stepson of Augustus, and Antonia Minor (the younger daughter of the triumvir Mark Antony and Octavia, sister of Augustus), was born on 1 Aug. 10 B.C. at Lugu- dunum (Lyons). His father died the year after. The boy inherited both physical and mental weak- ness, and was in consequence neglected. There was no room in Roman life for weaklings ; exposure of newly born children was frequent, and until Christianity came there was little care for the physically or mentally defective. Claudius was left to the society of his social inferiors, and coarse tastes were developed in him. The one bright side in his life was his devotion to scientific, espe- cially historical, studies. Augustus saw some good in him, but kept him from the public gaze. At the succession of Tiberius in A.D. 14 he began to take some slight part in public life, but most of his time was spent on country estates. Gaius, gi-andnephew of Tiberius and nephew of Claudius, succeeded to the purple in A.D. 37, and raised his uncle to the consulship at once. Soon after, how- ever, the feelings of the maddest of all the Emperors changed, and Claudius was once more in a position of disgrace. Claudius had married Plautia Urgulanilla (before A.D. 20), who bore him a son and a daughter, but was afterwards divorced for adultery. His marriage with ^lia Psetina, by whom he had a daughter, had the same end. The notorious Valeria Messalina was liis third wife, and by her a daughter was born about the year 40, and a son called Britannicus in 41. It is said that Claudius, after the murder of his nephew, was dragged from a remote part of the palace, where he was cowering in terror, and made Emperor almost unawares (25 Jan. 41) by the army. He now changed his name from Tiberius Claudius Nero Drusus Germanicus to that given above. His reign of thirteen years was very mucli more successful than might have been anticipated.