Placebo, an office in the Church of Kome. so called from it- first word, has for its purpose the prayer for soul-. It is the antiphon (q. v.) at vespers in the office of the d.ad. as the dirge is at matins. See Procter, Book of Common Prayer; Elliott, Delineation of Ro-
Placentia, Councils of {Concilium Placentmum).
Several important ecclesiastical gatherings were held there The tirsi ol importance was convened March 1. 1095, and concluded .March 5, by pope Urban II. Two hundred bishops attended, with nearly 4000 other ec- clesiastics and 30,000 laymen. So innumerable were the multitude of persons who flocked to it that no church could be found in those parts capable of contain- ing them, therefore the pope was compelled to hold the first and third sessions of this assembly in the open air. The empress Praxedis in person made complaint againsl her husband the emperor Henry, who divorced her and t infamously. Ambassadors from the emperor intinople were present, who demanded help againsl the infidels, with the approbation of the pope. Fifteen canons were published, by which the heresy of B i am condemned, and the truth of the real pri sence of the Lord Jesus Christ in the holy Eu- charisl clearly set forth. The gecl of the New Nicolai- taus iwho favored incontinence in the clergy) was also condemned. I lie orders conferred by < luibert, the anti- pope, .and other- who had been ex< imunicated, were
declared null. The Ember fasts were also fixed. Alter this Urban proceeded to France, and in the autumn of the Barae year h( Id the a lebrated I !oun< U ol ( lerraont. See Labbe, Concilia, \. 600.
Another important < nil was held alter Easter,
1132, bj Innocent II. assisted by Beveral bishops of Lombardy. It was forbidden to receive to penitence those who refused to renounce fornication, hatred, and
every mortal sin. In this council the antipope Ana- cletus was excommunicated. See Labbe, Concilia, x, 988.
Places, 15km i. ..I i.. Set Mazoe.
Placet (jplaci[< \tum regium, literm parcatis sett ex- equatur) i- the sanction by a reigning prince to the promulgation and execution of an ecclesiastical ordi- nance. The placet is necessitated as soon as ecclesias- tical ordinances transgress the purely religious bounda- ries, and come in contact with those of the state. As soon as the mutual boundaries had acquired a relative independence, which drew a line of demarcation between both the State and < Jhurch, the right of the plaa t waa established, and the lirst trace- of it we find in the quar- rels of Philip le Bel of France with Boniface VIII (q. v.), and Louis of Bavaria with John XXII (q.v.). In the 15th century we find this ritcht of assent fully established in different countries. Thus Louis XL in 1495, appointed a commission al Amiens to examine all persons coming from Home whether they had any pa- pal briefs upon them "el ieelles voir et visiter. pOUt
scavoir s'elles sonl aucunemenl contraires ou prejudici- ables a nous et a la dite eglise Gallicane. Et au cas qu'en trouverez aucunes qui y fussenf contraires on pre- judiciables, prenez les el retenez par devers vous, et les porteurs arrestez el constituez prisonniers, -i vous voyez que la matiere y soit sujette; et du contenu es- dites Litres nous advert issez, ou les nous envoyez a toute diligence, pour y donher la provision necessaire" (comp. Preuves, Les Liberies dt V Eglise Gallicane, ch. x). Martin V up v. i. in a letter to the archbishops of Portugal, complains, anno 1 L_'7. of Portugal: "Dicitur enim nobis, quod statute regio mandatum est. ne quia audeat sine ipsiiic regis licentia sub poena mortis et per- ditionis bonorum in diet is regnis literas apostolicas pnb- licare." When John II. king of Portugal, instigated by Innocent VIII, repealed the Placetum Regium, in 1 186, the peers of the realm resisted, and declared that with- out the consent of the states such a repeal was void ( Augustini Manuelis, Hist. Joan, II >. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, decreed, Jan. 3, 1417: "Dat nie- mandt en brenghe, oft en exequere eenighe geestelycke monitien, inhibitien oft andere gheboden, op eenighe ondersaeten des Landts van Brabandt, uyl wat Baecke dat het zy. by eer-t kome by onse < Ifficiere ende We- thouderen, ende geoe hem klaerlyck te kennen de Baecke waerom, ende verkryghe oorlofende consent. Den gene die dat dede, sal daer an verbeurt hebben alle Bine goe-
deren. ende te < 1 i» 11 aeu syn lvf eeiiou wegh te S. Peter
ende S. Pauls le ].' lull te doen."
By 1594 the placet was already regarded as a custom- ary right Doctrine, usage, and legislature, however, developed more fully the cases in which the placet should be used, and thus in matters of conscience, according to a royal declaration of March 8, 177:.', reissued Feb. 28, 1810, no placet was required. In Austria the necessity of the placet was emphasized as early as the 16th cen- tury. In addition to former ordinance-, the decree of Leopold II. dated March 17. L791, decreed that "papal hulls, briefs, and constitutions must have the sanction of the reigning prince before they can be promulgated
and accepted. This ordinance also refers to all previous papal edicts, without exception, iii such a manner that whenever use is made of au ancient bull the sanction is