PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 1
V */ » *. ■ ■ •• 8 7 *.i% CYCLOPEDIA OP BIBLICAL. THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PREPARED BY THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D., AND JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. VIII.— PET-RE. PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 18 83. Entered according …
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Tomb of Petrarch Pew at Headington Pew at Steeple Aston Philadelphia in Asia Minor Coin of Philip V of Macedon Coin of the Roman emperor Philip Coin of Herod Philip Coin of Philippi , Plan of Philippi and its Vicinity. . Philistine Ship attacked by Egyp- tians Philistine Wagons attacked by Egyptians Heads of…
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Petani, a sort of cakes used anciently in Athens in making libations to the gods. They were substituted for animal sacrifices by the command of Cecrops. — Gard- ner, Faiths of the World, ii, 642. Petavel, Alfred F., a Swiss Protestant clergy- man of note, was born near the close of the last century. He studied at the …
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itensium prim tpum Bibliotheca Prse- isertationibus, ac notis uberrimia illustratum" ;.. fol. |. It is full of choice erudition, but unfortunately lii- death cut it short, and it lacks other services, Petavins de- ■ i be acknowledged as the first theologian who brought into proper relations history and dog- M ■ …
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The language of the apostles was of course the form of Aramaic spoken in Northern Palestine, a sort i f patois, partly Hebrew, but more nearly allied to the Hebrew, even in its debased form, was then Bpoken only by men of learning, the leaders of the Pharisees and Scribes. 'I lu- men of Galilee were, however, noted for…
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This first call led to no immediate change in Peter's external position. He and his fellow-disciples looked henceforth upon our Lord as their teacher, but were not commanded to follow him as regular disciples. There were several grades of disciples among the Jews, - from the occasional hearer to the follower who gave u…
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certainly never claimed any powers which did nol be- long equally to all his fellow-apostli -. (See below.) 'I his great triumph <>f Peter, however, brought other ■ bis character into Btrong relief. The distinc- tion which he then received, and it may be his con- sciousness of ability, energy, zeal, and absolute devo-…
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the guill of Titer, viz. that the cock would crow twice, and ili.it afur -nch warning he repeated his protesta- tion with greater vehemence. Chrysostom, who judges the apo-tle with faiinc-s and candor, al Irihutes this ve- hemence to his gn at love, and more particularly to the delight which he fell when assured that …
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The first miracle after Pentecost was wrought by Peter (Acts iii) ; and John was joined with him in that, as in most important acts of his ministry; but it was Peter who took the cripple by the hand, and bade him " in the name of Jesus of Nazareth rise up and walk," and when the people ran together to Solomon's porch, …
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the day ol' Pentecost is n rded, the baptism of < lorne- lius. A.D.32. That was the crown and consummation of Peter's ministry, l'eter. who had first preached the resurrection to the dews, baptized the first converts, Confirmed the first Samaritans, now. without the advice or CO-OpeTation of any of his colleagues, un…
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suffrages nor pronounced the decision. It is a dis- puted point whether the meeting between Paul and Peter of which we have an account in the Galatians (ii, 1-10) took place at this time. The great major- ity of critics believe that it did, but this hypothesis has serious difficulties. L-ange (Das apostolische Zeit- al…
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PETER 10 PETER More important in its bearings upon later contro- versies is the question of Peter's connection with Rome. It may he considered as a settled point that he did not visit Rome hefore the last year of his life. Too much Btress may perhaps be laid on the fact that there is no notice of Peter's labors or p…
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informed. In the next century there is the testimony that both took about their wives, who acini as their CO- of Caius, the liberal and learned Roman presbyter adjutors in ministering to women at their own homes; (who speaks of Peter's tomb in the Vatican), that of ] by their means the doctrine of the Lord penetrated…
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11 PETER Wieseler, Chronolorjie des Apostoliscken Zcitalters, p. 581. % Peter's Domestic Circumstances. — Of the family and connections of our apostle we know but little. His father is named in the Gospel history, and his mother's name seems to have been Joanna (see Coteler, A d Const. Apostol. ii, G3). It appears fr…
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representative of Christ, not personally, but in virtue nf an office essential to the permanent existence and authority of the Church. Passaglia, the latest and ablest controversialist, takes more pain- to refute this than am other view; but wholly without BUCCeSS: il is clear that Peter did not retain, even admitti…
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4. Peter's Character. — However difficult it might be to present a complete sketch of the apostle's temper of mind, there is no dispute as to some of the leading features ; devotion to his Master's person (John xiii, 37), which even led him into extravagance (John xiii, 9), and an energetic disposition, which showed it…
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PETER 14 PETER Eusebius refers this statement to the third year of I Caius Caligula. But the account found in Irenaus (liar, iii, 1) dif- fers materially from thai above noticed. He tells us tli.it Pel r and Paul were in Rome, and there founded a Church in company; and Eusebiua (ii, 25, in a quota- tion from Dionys…
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7. Mode of Peter's Death. — The tradition of this apostle's being crucified with his head downwards is probably to be relegated to the regions of the fabulous. Tertullian, who is the first to mention Peter's cruci- fixion, says simply (De Prceser. Harts. S6), " Petrus passioni Dominica; adsequatur;" which would rather …
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III. Literature. — In addition to the works copiously cited above, we may here name the following on this apostle personally, reserving for the following articles those on his writings specially. Blunt, Lectures <>it the Hist, of Peter (Lond. 1833, I860, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Thomp- son, Life-Work of Peter the Apostle (ibid.…
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The internal evidence is equally complete. The au- thor calls himself the apostle Peter (i, 1 ), and the whole character of the epistle shows that it proceeds from a writer who possessed great authority among those whom he addresses. The writer describes himself as " an el- PETEU (FIRST EPISTLE OF) 16 PETER (FIRST EPI…
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Again, in phrases and ideas which in the main are similar to those of Paul, there is in Peter usually some mark of difference. Where then- might have hen sameness, the result of imitation, there i- only simi- larity, the token of original thought, for example, Paul says (Rom. vi. lit. 1 1 i. *.7/r re; ";«;i ; P( ter sa…
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But while Peter thus shows himself a genuine Israel- ite, his teaching, like that of Paul, is directly opposed to Judaizing tendencies. He belongs to the school, or, to speak more correctly, is the leader of the school, which at once vindicates the unity of the Law and the Gos- pel, and puts the superiority of the latt…
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1 1. Place and Time. — The place is indicated in v. 13, in the clause aaixaZ,iTai vfiat; >/ tv B«/3u\wi'i avi'tuXiKTi). Babvlon is named as the place where the apostle was PETER (FIRST EPISTLE OF) IS PETER (FIRST EPISTLE OF) when lie wrote the epistle, as he sends this salutation from it. mi the part of a woman, as M…
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Bnl it Peter wrote from Babylon on the Euphrates, at what period was the epistle written? The epistle to toleration in theory, i- yet swayed by strong preju- itself contains no raati rial- for fixing a precise date. [| dices, and prone, from position and policy, t" lav or and does nol by it^ allusions clearly point to …
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III. Persons for whom the Epistle was intended. — It was addressed to the churches of Asia Minor, which had for the most part been founded by Paul and his companions. From some expressions in the epistle many have thought that it was meant for Jewish Chris- tians. The words of the salutation arc — i/c/WroTc TraptniSi'i…
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PETER (FIRST EPISTLE OF) 20 PETER (FIRST EPISTLE OF) tire system of practical and relative duties, self-control, care ol reputation, especially for the sake of Gentiles; submission to all constituted authorities; obligations of slaves, urged with remarkable earnestness, and founded upon the example of < Jhrisl and his…
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rival faith nor superseded by a sudden revolution : Israel had only put off its ceremonial, the badge of its imma- turity and servitude, and now njniced in freedom and predicted blessing. What was said of the typical Israel may now he asserted with deeper truth of the spiritual Israel, lint the change is neither argued…
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The language, though not rugged, is not without embarrassment. Ideas are often linked together by a relative pronoun. There is no formal development of thought, though the order is lucid and logical. Some word employed in the previous sentence so dwells in the writer's mind that it suggests the sentiment of the fol- lo…
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TETEK (-SECOND EPISTLE OF) 22 PETER (SECOND EPISTLE OF) Tjftlv tovtwv avfi/3i 3rjKcv),&s if in allusion to 2 Pet iii, •1. The appeal to Hennas i- a- doubtful; in lib. i. Vis. iii, 7. the words reliqueruni viam veram have a Blight resemblance to 2 Pet. ii. I"*; in anothi r place | F. iv, "> i ise qui ejfugistis sceculu…
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The objections, as Jerome remarks, w< re based on dif- ference of style, and we admit that there is -round for suspicion on the point. Still no doubter or impugner who placed the epistle anion-' the dvTiktybpeva gives any historical -round tor his hostility. No one of old is ever brought forward as having denied it in …
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2. Internal Evidence. — There are points of similarity in style between it and the first epistle. The salutation in both epistles is the same, and there are peculiar words common to both, though found also in other parts of the N. T. Both epistles refer to ancient prophecy (1 ret. i, 16 ; 2 Pet. i, 20, 21) ; both use d…
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3. Objections. — There are serious difficulties, however, in the way of its reception ; and these are usually said to be difference of style, difference of doctrine, and the marked correspondence of portions of the epistle with that of Jude. Yet Gausscn makes the astounding state- PETER (SECOND EPISTLE OF) 24 PETER (S…
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anil deceitful way- and works of the false teachers. There i- also a characteristic difference in the mode of quotation from the ( >. T. Quotations are abundant in the first epi-tle. either formally introduced hy Ston yiypairrat i i. lt'> >. or by Sioti -toiJ \m lv ry ypaQy (ii, 6), or are woven into the discourse wi…
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Other more specific objections against the epistle may be briefly alluded to. According to Mayerhoff (Einleit. p. 187), the writer in iii, 2 separates himself from the apostles; Bleek (Einleit. p. 570) and others supposing that he intended to characterize himself as an apostle, and having before him the somewhat parall…
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Three arguments have been adduced to prove that the epistle must belong to post-apostolic times. 1. It is alleged that the doubts about Christ's second coming, referred to in iii. 3. 4, could not have arisen in apostolic times, when the belief in it was so firm and glowing ; and a period of some length must have elapse…
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stances of the churches addressed by him were eonsid- erably changed, and that the second was written iu greater baste, not to speak of a jn.--ii.le decay of facul- ties, the differences may he regarded as Insufficient to justify more than hesitation in admitting it- genuine- ness. The authenticity of the epistle ha- b…
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IV. Commentaries. — Exegetical helps on the whole of this epistle exclusively are the following: Simson, Commentary (Lond. 1632, 4to); Adams, Commentary (ibid. 1633, fol.) ; Smith, Commentaries (ibid. 1690, 4to) ; Deurhof, Erklaringe (Amst. 1713, 4to); Nitzsche, Vin- dicatio (Lips. 1785, 8vo) ; Flatt, Defensio (Tub. 18…
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PETER 28 PETER Peter of Alexandria (2), another patriarch of thai - e, was born near the beginning of the Ith cen- tury, during the life of Athanasius, whom he for many years accompanied, sharing his variable fortunes, as presbyter of the Church al Alexandria. He was des- ignated by Athanasius as his successor, and …
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Cerularius {Epistola ml Michaelem Cerularium), and is preceded by a letter of Michael lo Peter, low Inch it is the answer. A considerable part of this letter had previously been published by Leo Allatius, in his /», Consensu Ecclesiarum Orient, et Occident, lib. iii, c. 12, § 4. There is extant in MS. at Vienna another…
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burn, and not honor, for that is a reproach to the suffer- ings of the Saviour. Peter of Bruys even maintained that the Supper was not instituted by Christ as a rite of perpetual observation; that he only once distributed his body and blood among his disciples. This expres- sion is obscure: perhaps he meant to say that…
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Peter THE Deacon (1) flourished near the begin- ning of the 6th century. In the controversy excited by the monks whom ecclesiastical writers call Scythes, who came from the diocese of Torn i, on the south hank of the Danube, Peter took a prominent part. He had accompanied the delegates sent to Pome by the monks, and wh…
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cleared a space and dug their grave, and died encour- aging each other. In the paintings of the churches they are represented in priestly habits bearing palms. They are commemorated by the Romish Church on June 2. Peter Fi it" (also called Cnnpheus, i. e. the Puller), a patriarch of Antiocb, was born mar the commence…
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According to these questionable sources, Peter the Hermit was a native of Amiens, where he was born about the middle of the 11th century. He was edu- cated first at Paris, and afterwards in Italy, and then became a soldier. After serving in Flanders without much distinction, he retired from the army, married, and had s…
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history of his time, particularly that of the c. ts de Poitiers and the abl f Maillezais. Father Labbe" has c prised it i Halleacensi Chronicori)'m the monu- ments that he collected for the history of Aquitaine. What concerns the translation of Saint Rigomer has been detached from it and published again bj Mabillon a…
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> PETER • have produced cannot now be known ; death removed him from the scene of strife A.D. 490, shortly before the death of Zeno. He was succeeded in the see of Alexandria by another Monophysite, Athanasius II. See Cave, Hist. Lift, i, 455; Fabricius, Bill, Graca, xi, 336 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianvs, vol. ii, co…
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captives. In time the order changed its character from that of a military In that of a religious institution, and as such exerted a wide influence. Peter himself, when he was old, was taken from his cell by angels, so the legend goes, and borne to and from the altar, where he received the holy Eucharist. In the paintin…
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Peter (Pierre) of Poitieks, was a modern Latin poet, who died after 1141. All that we learn of his life is that, having made a profession of the rule of St. Benedict in a monastery of Aquitaine, he was chosen by Peter the Venerable as secretary, and accompanied him first to Clugny, in 1134, then to Spain in 1141. His p…
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Peter (Pierre), prior of St. John of Sens, was bom in the latter part of the 11th century. In 1111, Stephen, provost of the church of Sens, having resolved to restore the ancient monastery of Saint-Jean, called to it some regular canons, and confided the government of this house to our Peter. The authors of the Gallia …
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Peter {Piern iTi debode, a French chronicler, was bom at Civray (Poitou) near the beginning of the llth century. Like so many other priests who engaged in the first crusade, he departed in L096 with Hugues de Lusignan, lord of Civray; his two brothers, Herve* and Irnaud, chevaliers (pptimi milites), took the cross at t…
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PETER'S DAY ■M PETERS tween St. Peter's and St. Paul's Day and Aug. 1. In the time of king John, the total annual payment was £199 8s., contributed by the several dioceses in propor- tion, an account of which will be found in Lingard's History of England, ii, 330. The tax called Romescot, with some variation, contin…
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Peters, Richard, D.D., a Protestant Episcopal clergyman of colonial days, was born at Liverpool. Eng- land, where he was educated as a clergyman of the Church of England, and came to Philadelphia in 1735. His services were soon engaged at Christ's Church, for which he was licensed by the bishop of London. He shortly re…
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sources whence the pietism of Spener and Francke drew its strength. We must not be undent I. however, to say that spener's pietism depended on Petersen, but simply that Petersen and Spener bad mucb in common, and that the former, by bis influence and acceptance of pietistic views, strengthened Spener's bands. Peter…
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Pethahi'ah (Heb. Pethachyah', il^ltns, freed of Jehovah; Sept. <biSurt, Ezra x, 23; <Ptrrrri«c, Neh. ix, 5; (baSata, xi, 24; QtStiac, 1 Chron. xxiv, 16). The name of three men. 1. The head of the nineteenth course in David's di- vision of the priests (1 Chron. xxiv, 16). B.C. cir. 1020. 2. A Levite, who put away an i…
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PETIT-PIED 4n PETRA qucnt prolate was wholly unsuccessful. At length Louis permitted him to depart, and, leai ing hia w ife and chil- dren in Paris, Petitot proceeded to his native place, where he was soon after joined by his family. Arrived now at eighty years of age, he was sought by such numbers of friends and ad…
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Agripp. 1612], ii, 233. 234). His name, as connected with astrology, was in high repute early in Greece, and in Rome in her degenerate days. This we learn from the praises bestowed on him by Manetho (v, 10), who, indeed, in the prologue to the lirst and fifth hook- of his Apotelesmatica, professes only to expand in (…
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mausoleums were made, the remains of which still arrest the attention of the traveller: for, though the predomi- nant style of architecture is Egyptian, it is mixed with florid and overloaded Roman-Greek specimens, which are but slightly modified by the native artists. In the 4th century Petra is several times mentione…
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this extraordinary spot, is ascribed by the natives either to the Pharaohs or to the din-, i. e. e\ il genii. Along tie' botl en of the valley, in which it almost vanisbt -. winds the Stream. In ancient limes its lied seem- to have been paved: and it appears to have been, in many places at least, covered in. so that …
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On an eminence south of this is a single column (ol scenely called Zab Farun, i. e. hasta virilis Phara- onis) connected with the foundation walls of a temple, whose pillars lie scattered around in broken fragments, some of them five feet in diameter. Twelve of these, whose pedestals still remain in their places, adorn…
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they art n along all the approaches to the place, which, in the days of its prosperity, were perhaps the suburbs of the overpeopled valley. Some of the most peculiar are found in the valley above the entrance of the Sik. Were these excavations, instead of follow- ing all the sinuosities of the mountain and its numer- …
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azure "i- sky-blue, black and white, are .-ecu in the -ami- mas- distinctly in successive layers, or blended 90 as to form cv rv -h.cle aid l:u ■ of which they are PETRA 45 PETRARCH capable — as brilliant and as soft as they ever appear in flowers, or in the plumage of birds, or in the sky when illuminated by the …
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.