' [ i. I |, a. 530, No. pxxxvii, c. 5, a. 564, etc.). The ecclesiastical authority of Rome was not contested after that, but its relation to the worldly powers passed through many vicissitudes. Its connec- tion with the newly founded Germanic churches was at first prevented by their Axianism, but became the closer alter their conversion to the orthodox faith. The Roman principles about the relations of the Church to the apostolic see prevailed in the Frankish empire by the exertions of Boniface, although their practical consequences were impeded by the indepen- dent exercise of the rights of the State in Church mat- ters. With Charlemagne the pope was nothing but the tirsi metropolitan, over whom the emperor had jurisdic- tion. The king is the supreme judge and legislator, a protector and ruler given to the Church by God, who corrects or approves the resolutions of the synods, and issues himself ercle-iasl ical ordinances, after taking the advice of the clergy. The proof of this is afforded by a large number of capitularies. Under the weak suc- cessors of the ureat emperor there was a change, which the decretals of Pseudo-Isidore turned to the advantage ol Home. It was in conformity with these principles that Nicholas I administered the Church (from 858). The German kings of the house of Saxony regained the lost power, and the Roman bishops wen' again re- duced to the primacy of honor. We sec the German bishops, under Otto I. appointed by the emperor him- self, governing their dioceses independently, and the episcopate, in their synods, presided over by the em- peror, exercise jurisdiction over the Roman bishop i deposition of John XII, in 963, by the Roman council i. These principles were in force until the middle of the I lth century. The bishop of Ri • was then subor- dinated to the emperor and to the body of the episcopate i in 1046, at the Synod of Sutri, by which Benedict VIII, Sylvester III. and Gregory VI were deposed'. Under Gregory VII a reaction took place, and the papacy was enabled to obtain the whole extent of authority which Pseudo-Isidore claimed as iis own. The hierarchical system of papacy was completed by this Gregory and hi- successors Alexander III (1159 1181), Innocent 111 (1198 1216), Gregory IX (1227 1241), Innocent IV (1243 1254), and Boniface VIII (1294 1303). I he so-called Dictatus Hildebrandini, the authenticity of which i- proved l>y the regests of Gregory VII (comp. Gieseler, KirchengescJt. II. i. § 17. n.rf; Giesebrecht, l<> Gregorii VII registro emendando [Regimont. 1858 . p. 6), and the decretals of the popes mentioned, contain the propositions peculiar to this system, the most es- sential of which are: The bishop of Home is the vicar of Christ on earth ("Roraanus Pontifex vicarius Jesu
Christi, quod non puri hominis, sed vcri Dei vicem gerit in terris" [ lunoc. III. in c. 2, :'-. x. I ' >> Tramlat. Episcop. i, 7 |), the universal bishop (" solus universalis" | Gregorii Did. No. 2]), to w bom alone belongs the title of pope (-quod tmicum est noinen in mundo" [ibid, c 11]). He is possessed of full powers, and he grants parts of them to the rest of the clergy, as his assistants ("Quia diversitatem corporum diversitas saepe sequitur aniinorum. ne plenitudo ecclesiastics jurisdictions in plures dispensata vilesceret, sed in uno potius collata vigeret, apostolicae sedi Dominus in B. Petro universam ecclesiarum el cunctorum Christi fidelium magistrium coiitulit et primatum, qua', retenta sibi plenitudine po- testatis, ad implendum laudabilius officium pastorale. quod omnibus earn constituit debitriccm, multos in partem sollicitudinis evocavit, sic suum dispensans onus et honorem in .alios. u( nihil suo juri subtraheret, nee jurisdictionem suara in aliquo minoraret" [Innoc. Ill, in c. 5, \. Iii Concess. Prabenda, iii. 8]). Ii i-. of course, his own business how he chooses his assistants; the rights of appointing, deposing, permuting bishops belong to him exclusively; he can draw every cause before the apostolic see, judge it himself, or take ii back from the judge he had appointed, and give it to another one, especially to his pi rsonal lieutenant, a legate, who, of course, has pre-eminence over all other dignitaries ("Quod tile solus possil deponere episcopos vel reconci- liarc. — Quod leijatiis ejus omnibus episcopis prsesit in concilio, etiam inferioris gradus, el adversus eos senten- tiam depositionis possit dare. — Quod illi liceal «le sede ad sedem necessitate cogente episcopos transmutare. —
Quod d< i ecclesia, quacunque voluerit, clericum va-
leat ordinare.— Quod majores causae cujuscunque eccle- sias ad sedem apostolicam referri debeant" , Dictatus Gregorii VII, Nos. 3, -I. 13, II, 21, 25, etc. 1 1. The Ro- man bishop is the legislator of the Church ("Quod illi soli licet pro temporis necessitate novas leges condere," etc. [/. r. No. 7 ] ). Without his consent, no synod can take place ("Quod nulla synodus absque praecepto ejus debet generalis vocari" [7. c. 16]). He is infallible, and decides what is true ("Quod nullum capitulum nullusque liber canonicus habeatur absque illius auctc- ritate.— Quod Romans ecclesia nunquam erravit. nee in perpetuum, scriptura testante, errabit" | /. c. 17. 22]). He recognises no authority, while all are subordinated to his authority ("Quod sententia illius a nullo debe- at retractari, el ipse omnium solus retractare possit. — Quod a nemine ipse judicari debeat.— Quod nullus au- deat conderanare apostolicam sedem appellantcm" ■'. c. 18 20] i.