A Brighter Day Begins with His Word.

BIBLE QUESTION DOSSIER

Does the Bible forbid drinking alcohol?

Short answer

The Bible does not universally prohibit all consumption of wine, but it repeatedly condemns drunkenness, loss of self-control and alcohol-related harm. Some people and offices are given stricter abstinence commands in particular contexts.

The biblical word “wine” should not be automatically redefined as non-alcoholic whenever a passage is positive. At the same time, Scripture’s warnings about intoxication are strong and repeated.

1. What do the English translations actually say?

The five translations below are stored locally on Born Again Daily, so you can see the wording before anyone tells you what to think about it.

Psalm 104:14-15

Wine appears among God’s provisions in a positive poetic context.

John 2:1-11

Jesus turns water into wine at Cana.

KJV

1 And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: 2 And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. 3 And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have no wine. 4 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. 5 His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do [it]. 6 And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece. 7 Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. 8 And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the governor of the feast. And they bare [it]. 9 When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, 10 And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: [but] thou hast kept the good wine until now. 11 This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him.

BSB

1 On the third day a wedding took place at Cana in Galilee. Jesus’ mother was there, 2 and Jesus and His disciples had also been invited to the wedding. 3 When the wine ran out, Jesus’ mother said to Him, “They have no more wine.” 4 “Woman, what is that to you and to Me?” Jesus replied. “My hour has not yet come.” 5 His mother said to the servants, “Do whatever He tells you.” 6 Now six stone water jars had been set there for the Jewish rites of purification. Each could hold from twenty to thirty gallons. 7 Jesus told the servants, “Fill the jars with water.” So they filled them to the brim. 8 “Now draw some out,” He said, “and take it to the master of the banquet.” They did so, 9 and the master of the banquet tasted the water that had been turned into wine. He did not know where it was from, but the servants who had drawn the water knew. Then he called the bridegroom aside 10 and said, “Everyone serves the fine wine first, and then the cheap wine after the guests are drunk. But you have saved the fine wine until now!” 11 Jesus performed this, the first of His signs, at Cana in Galilee. He thus revealed His glory, and His disciples believed in Him.

WEB

1 The third day, there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee. Jesus’ mother was there. 2 Jesus also was invited, with his disciples, to the marriage. 3 When the wine ran out, Jesus’ mother said to him, “They have no wine.” 4 Jesus said to her, “Woman, what does that have to do with you and me? My hour has not yet come.” 5 His mother said to the servants, “Whatever he says to you, do it.” 6 Now there were six water pots of stone set there after the Jews’ way of purifying, containing two or three metretes apiece. 7 Jesus said to them, “Fill the water pots with water.” They filled them up to the brim. 8 He said to them, “Now draw some out, and take it to the ruler of the feast.” So they took it. 9 When the ruler of the feast tasted the water now become wine, and didn’t know where it came from (but the servants who had drawn the water knew), the ruler of the feast called the bridegroom, 10 and said to him, “Everyone serves the good wine first, and when the guests have drunk freely, then that which is worse. You have kept the good wine until now!” 11 This beginning of his signs Jesus did in Cana of Galilee, and revealed his glory; and his disciples believed in him.

ASV

1 And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: 2 and Jesus also was bidden, and his disciples, to the marriage. 3 And when the wine failed, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have no wine. 4 And Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. 5 His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. 6 Now there were six waterpots of stone set there after the Jews’ manner of purifying, containing two or three firkins apiece. 7 Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. 8 And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the ruler of the feast. And they bare it. 9 And when the ruler of the feast tasted the water now become wine, and knew not whence it was (but the servants that had drawn the water knew), the ruler of the feast calleth the bridegroom, 10 and saith unto him, Every man setteth on first the good wine; and when men have drunk freely, then that which is worse: thou hast kept the good wine until now. 11 This beginning of his signs did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested his glory; and his disciples believed on him.

YLT

1 And the third day a marriage happened in Cana of Galilee, and the mother of Jesus was there, 2 and also Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage; 3 and wine having failed, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, ‘Wine they have not;’ 4 Jesus saith to her, ‘What—to me and to thee, woman? not yet is mine hour come.’ 5 His mother saith to the ministrants, ‘Whatever he may say to you—do.’ 6 And there were there six water-jugs of stone, placed according to the purifying of the Jews, holding each two or three measures. 7 Jesus saith to them, ‘Fill the water-jugs with water;’ and they filled them—unto the brim; 8 and he saith to them, ‘Draw out, now, and bear to the director of the apartment;’ and they bare. 9 And as the director of the apartment tasted the water become wine, and knew not whence it is, (but the ministrants knew, who have drawn the water,) the director of the feast doth call the bridegroom, 10 and saith to him, ‘Every man, at first, the good wine doth set forth; and when they may have drunk freely, then the inferior; thou didst keep the good wine till now.’ 11 This beginning of the signs did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested his glory, and his disciples believed in him;

Ephesians 5:18

Drunkenness is explicitly prohibited.

KJV

And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit;

BSB

Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to reckless indiscretion. Instead, be filled with the Spirit.

WEB

Don’t be drunken with wine, in which is dissipation, but be filled with the Spirit,

ASV

And be not drunken with wine, wherein is riot, but be filled with the Spirit;

YLT

and be not drunk with wine, in which is dissoluteness, but be filled in the Spirit,

Proverbs 20:1

Wine and strong drink are warned about as deceiving.

KJV

Wine [is] a mocker, strong drink [is] raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.

BSB

Wine is a mocker, strong drink is a brawler, and whoever is led astray by them is not wise.

WEB

Wine is a mocker, and beer is a brawler. Whoever is led astray by them is not wise.

ASV

Wine is a mocker, strong drink a brawler; And whosoever erreth thereby is not wise.

YLT

Wine is a scorner—strong drink is noisy, And any going astray in it is not wise.

1 Timothy 5:23

Paul advises Timothy to use a little wine medicinally.

KJV

Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach’s sake and thine often infirmities.

BSB

Stop drinking only water and use a little wine instead, because of your stomach and your frequent ailments.

WEB

Be no longer a drinker of water only, but use a little wine for your stomach’s sake and your frequent infirmities.

ASV

Be no longer a drinker of water, but use a little wine for thy stomach’s sake and thine often infirmities.

YLT

no longer be drinking water, but a little wine be using, because of thy stomach and of thine often infirmities;

2. What do the Hebrew and Greek words say?

Important: a lexicon gives a word’s possible senses and usage; it does not magically choose the correct sense without context. “The true meaning” of a biblical word is the meaning it carries in its actual sentence and historical usage.

οἶνος (oinos)

The ordinary Greek word for wine.

G3631 • οἶνοςoinos — wine

οἶνος, -ου, ὁ [in LXX chiefly for יַיִן also for תִּירוֹשׁ, etc. ;] wine; Mat.9:17, Luk.1:15, Jhn.2:3, al.; οἴνῳ προσέχειν, 1Ti.3:8; δουλοῦσθαι, Tit.2:3. Metaphorical, Rev.14:8, 10 16:19 17:2 18:3 19:15. By meton. for ἄμπελος, Rev.6:6 (AS)

3. Where interpretation begins

Moderation view

Many Christians permit moderate drinking while treating drunkenness and addiction as sinful and dangerous.

Abstinence view

Other Christians choose or teach abstinence because of addiction risk, witness, conscience and the severe biblical warnings about alcohol abuse.

Conscience and care

Romans 14 and 1 Corinthians 8–10 are often applied to choices that can harm another person’s conscience or recovery.

4. A careful conclusion

The strongest textual claim is that Scripture condemns drunkenness, not that every use of fermented wine is forbidden. Personal abstinence can nevertheless be wise, loving or necessary, especially where addiction, health, medication or another person’s recovery is involved.

Further study

Compare historical commentaries on Psalm 104:14-15 →

Search the Early Church Fathers for this subject →