PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles
Philip Chapman Barker [d.1904] · 404,925 words · 452 reading sections
The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 1
THE PULPIT COMMENTARY, EDITED BY THE VERY REV. H. D. M. SPENCE, D.D., DEAN OF GLOUCESTER; AND BY THE REV. JOSEPH S. EXELL, M.A. WITH INTRODUCTIONS BY THE VERY REV. F. W. FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S., DEAN OF CANTERBURY. RIGHT REV. H. COTTERILL, D.D., F.R.S.E. VERY REV. PRINCIPAL J. TULLOCH, D.D. REV. CANON G. RAWL…
740 wordsSECTION 2The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 2
SECOND BOOK OF THE CHRONICLES. EXPOSITION. to the level of the mere pe.ssive voice. It CHAPTER L carries rather the idea of a person who Ver. I-eh. ix. 31.-THE CABEEB OF exerts himself, and does all the.t in him lies SOLOMON AS KING 01!' THE UNITED KINGDOM to nerve himself with strength for any object (1 Ohron. xi…
670 wordsSECTION 3The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 3
h0oka nf the Old Teete.ment, some of the vi. 25), sufficiently expllline the original and rnnre chnrncteristic nccurrences of it being perfeotly ne.tural mee.ning of the phrase. found in t.he following pe.sse.ges: Gen. xii. The great importe.nce and aigniflcanoe of 2; Nnmb vi. 5; Josh. iii. 7; iv. 17; 1 Kings the po…
1,095 wordsSECTION 4The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 4
wonder tbo.t impresses us is ro.ther that distant. The pr~eent imposing occasion is meo.ns wero not found to abide by the the lost of any iml>(>rtance on which Gibeon "JeLler" of tho Lo.w to o. for greo.ter degree is brought before us (aee_ also 1 Kings viii. during all the generations tho.t elo.psed 3; 1 Chron. ix.…
1,041 wordsSECTION 5The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 5
64; oh. iv. l compared with vii. 7. See rest of this verse, the pe.mllel pe.ssnge hns alBO Herod., • Hist.,' vii. 48). The priests, " an underetandiug heart," in place of our of oour•e, performed the saorifioes at the " wisdom and knowl,edge ; " and "that I may command of Solomon. discern between good 11,nd b11,d," …
1,001 wordsSECTION 6The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 6
glory of the klngclom too eurely cnlmino.tecl "before the rl'rk of the co?Jenant of the LMd" in bis reign, o.nd oven before the end of it in Mount Zion. (1 Kings iii. 15.) This (eh. ix. 22, 23; 1 Obron. xxix. 25; Eccles. verso not merely bee.re the trace of a. slightlv ii. 9). On the other ho.ncl, the gmtuitons corrupt…
959 wordsSECTION 7The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 7
the parallel acquaintll us (e.g. 1 Kin,;s iii. 16 1 81\m, viii. 11; 1 Kings :n. 20; 2 Kinga -28), only in different order. We now, ii. 12; Isa. xxi. 7. Twelve thouaand horae- however, begin a rapid and self-contained men. These probably purport what we "Should ooll horse-eoldiera, or cavalry. And sketoh of the reign o…
980 wordsSECTION 8The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 8
(Amos vii. 14; Isa. ix. 10). In the vale; following Pisce.tor (born circ. 1180) and i.e. in the lowl1md country, called the V11tnblus (born circ. 1546), would tr:i nslate Bbefel11h. This is the middle one of the tho word B company," and rP.n.d, "n compnny three divisions in which J udroa is some- of the king's merebant…
912 wordsSECTION 9The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 9
me.kes u~ fe.miliar; the deeper dree.m, or that which young Samuel's more resembled; or thinking in night's deep stillness, with all its unstinted retrospect of the day on which it had just closed. In brief, whatever the nbsolute fact was, it is not necessary to supposo that God appeared then any more literally or v…
1,128 wordsSECTION 10The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 10
HOMILIES BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. Ver. 1.-.A bright beginning. It is far from being everything when we make a good beginning; for many a bright beginning bas a very dark ending. Yet is it a very great advantage to start well on our course. Few men ever commenced their career under more favourable auspices than did King …
584 wordsSECTION 11The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 11
or in address, or in mental equipment, or in strength of will, or in force of character, 3. God's graciotts and favouring presena. For if we are "reconciled to him by the death of bis Son," we may most surely count on the promiee that he will bo "with us; n with us not only to observe our course and mark our life, b…
883 wordsSECTION 12The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 12
wont to Gibeon with "o.11 the congregation," in very great etate, to seek tho Lord there, nud there he offored abundant sacrifices (ver. 6), And God responded to his act of piety by seeking him, by coming to him and making him a gracious and generous offer, Without any state, in lowliest obscurity, we may repair to the…
901 wordsSECTION 13The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 13
and moderate. 2. Human friendship--<lomestic love, the sweet and e!lcred ties of the heart and the home. 3. Mental activity-the intellectual enjoyment which comes from the observation of the works of God and the mastery of the works of men • all the keen ~trong, elevating delights of the active mind. 4. 'l'he service o…
854 wordsSECTION 14The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 14
men "reign" over others-lend, direct, rule, influence, mightily affect them for good or evil. Vory gl'eat power has the statesman, the preacher, the poet, the principal, the teacher. 'fhe possession of power is usually esteemed a thing to be greatly coveted. But it is ns full of solemn responsibility as it is of noble …
841 wordsSECTION 15The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 15
morality, the~e assassinations nevertheless contributed to the establishment of Sololnon'e throne. 2. By the union of his subjects. As yet the empire was undivided, The ton tribes still _adhered to the house of David. " All Israel obeyed him, and all the princes and the mighty men, a.nd all the sons likewise of King…
880 wordsSECTION 16The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 16
been the outcome and expression of a genuinely devout soul, to ascertain whether he he.d ascended the throne with a clear grasp of the situation, whether he knew what he most required for the successful execution of his kingly office. Bo God still teats his people a.nd men in general by extending to them e. simile.r…
893 wordsSECTION 17The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 17
Vers. 13-17.-The glory of Solomon. I. Hrs Bl'LENDID EQUIPAGE. "Solomon ~~thered chariots and horsemen." 1. A sign of gren,t prosperity. Mentioned on this account rather than 8.8 a proof of the expensiveness and burdensomeness of Solomon's reign (Ewald). (1) A discrepancy. Solomon had 40,000 stalls (1 Kin"S iv. 26 • …
954 wordsSECTION 18The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 18
EXPOSITION. Ver. 3.-:e:nram. Bo the name is spelt, CHAPTER II. whether of Tyrian king or Tyrian workman, Ver. 1.-In the Hebrew text this verse in Chronicles, except, perhaps, in 1 Cbron. ehmds as the le.et of eh. i. Determined. xiv. 1. Elsewhere the name is written The Hebrew word is the ordinary word for D~I';'), o…
706 wordsSECTION 19The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 19
and timber felling. The good terms and expressed, that •it i, understood may be intimRcy subsisting between Solomon and gathered from the other passages (Numb. iv. the King of Tyre speak themselves very 7). The bread consisted of twelve large cakes plainly in Bible history, without leaving us of unleavened dough (Le…
2,056 wordsSECTION 20The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 20
clusirn nation, is a grand instnnoe of nllturc Hebrew verb MJ'.11)," to open." Out of twont,y- brenling nil trnmmcls, even when most nine times that the verb occurs in some divinPIY pnrpnaed, llnd ll gmnd token of the part of the fiel conjugntion, it ie trans• d!lwning comity of nations, :of free-tro.de lated "grave' n…
1,017 wordsSECTION 21The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 21
/ellingmther tlmn to e.ny eubeequcntdreesing 22, it has been so.id that the consumption or e.nd suwing up of the timber. It is, there- the royal household of Bowman was abnve f'oro, rather more e. point of interest to lee.rn 32,000 measures. The cor, or homn, was the in what tho gree.t skill consisted which so largest …
1,049 wordsSECTION 22The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 22
sufficient to negative the rendering" father" most ancient of towns, and is referred to by Rltogether. In our text altogether inappro- Pliny (' Hist. Nat.,' v. 18), as "Joppa Phce- priate, it may be called there itltogether im- nicum, antiquior torrarum inundatione, ut possible. It has been proposed to render it fer…
946 wordsSECTION 23The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 23
"Yes" with lip and heart. But now after coronation, vision, prayer, and gracious promise, he takee up the enterprise, and lifts up the responsibility, and makes the resolution all his own. II. 'l'mi: ADDING TO RESOLUTION THE C0MMENOEl!a:!'IT OJ' ACTUAL WORK. Resolutions there have often been, and strong ones, determin…
979 wordsSECTION 24The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 24
Vers. 2, 3, 7-10.-Human labour. Concerning the work in which we are engaged as men of action and production, we have here four suggestions. I. 'fHE AMPLITUDE OF MATERIAL WI'l'H WHI0H Goo HAS BUPPLmD us. We have mention made (ver. 7) of different metals-gold, silver, brass, iron; and this enumera- tion is far from b…
698 wordsSECTION 25The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 25
2. All work, ae rendered unto God, should be done faithfully and heartily. Into all the labour of our hands we should put our mind and our strength, because every• thing is done in the presence of the Master, and should, be done with a. view to hir approvol.-O. Vere. 4-6.-The acceptableness of the imperfect. 'l'he let…
843 wordsSECTION 26The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 26
will own and honour us as his servants, if only we are loyal and true. "To the wicked God snys, What hast thou to do to declare my statutes ? " etc. (Ps. I. 16). But to the upright in heart (including the penitent, see Ps. li. 12, 13), to all those who have returned in spirit to him, and who sincerely desire to extend …
865 wordsSECTION 27The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 27
of our own time. 2. OJ labour. "I have sent a cunning man . . . to find out every device . . . with thy cunning men" (ver. 14). International exchange and co-opera- tion are of immense value, and will prove to be more and more so as the nations open their doorR, 11nd all peoples meet and mingle together (see homily o…
860 wordsSECTION 28The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 28
before t.he birth of Solomon (2 Sam. xi. 2), is disputed, chiefly on the ground thnt he must then be.ve reigned considerably over forty years, whereas Menandel' (Josephus • Contra A pion,' i. 18) e.esigns to Solomon's friend a reign of thirty-four years. Dute. rcia1~ of fifty years was not impossible either then (Uz…
875 wordsSECTION 29The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 29
which to convey tho stones for Cheops' pyramid; and seven millions more men were nee<lod to build the pyramid itself (Birch,' Egypt,' p. 35; Budge 'The Dwellers on the Nilo,' p. 68). (2) 'fheir orders-labourers, wood-cutters, ove:seers, chief officers. So society on a larger scale is organized. The principle of divisio…
910 wordsSECTION 30The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 30
Vers. 11-15.-The two Hirams. I. HIRAM TRE KWG. 1. His kingdom. Phce- nicia. Variously explaine? as " the land of palms," "the land of purple-dyeing," "the land of the brown-red," with reference to the colour of the skin of its inhabitants Phcenicia in Solomon's time was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean on th…
1,178 wordsSECTION 31The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 31
EXPOSITION. Solomon's Moriah being Abraham's-in that OHAPTER III. this latter was a specially conspicuous height Ver. 1.-Mount Moriah. This name il!':l'C (Gen. xxii. 4), and was a secluded and com- occurs twice in the Old Testament, viz. here paratively desolate place, neither of which and Gen. xxii. 2, in which lat…
384 wordsSECTION 32The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 32
sion. W C' do not read 11,nvwhere thl\t tho Lord Commentary,' vol. ii. pp. 575, 676), seem to did.then 11,nd there 11,ppear to D11,vid, though show convincingly thnt no fo.ith cnn be we do rell.d that "the angel of the Lord" reposed in the o.uthenticity of the ohrono• appeared to him (2 SC\m. xxiv. 16. passim; logice.l…
1,059 wordsSECTION 33The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 33
for, then, the plan of the temple is pie.in. (beside the stone) there was e.n inner 1'he house is 60 cubits long, i.e. 20 for the stratum, both to walls o.nd .floor of cedar holy of holies (i•'.?~ or D'l!';rp.1 Ill'.)~); 40 for (rea.eon for which would be easy' of conjec- the holy place (',~•,:1); and for bree.dth 2…
1,070 wordsSECTION 34The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 34
e.bnut three million 11nd three qlllntors of succeeding cbernbim mensmings, is the our nl()ney, but in Poole's C'etimnto nc11rer exact double of thl\t observed by Moses dot1ble t.h;,t I The Hebrew, Phcenician, and (l;;xod. xxxvii. 6-9). Tho 1wight of tho Ass:-,rian unit of weight is the same, and ch,•rubim, ten cubi…
1,009 wordsSECTION 35The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 35
6 ml tbo foot tbo.t the characters yod liheth mentioned in the po.ro.llel. The selection (IA) cuu cnsily supersodocl by lamed he (35), of what is said bas in our present text so it is perha.ps likelier thnt we hnve here mach the appearance of haste, that this simply o. clorico.l error. Tho pnro.llel place may account f…
888 wordsSECTION 36The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 36
rclrnar~ed in these chapters. They contain the seminal principles which Christian work still demands, and by which the Christian Church shuuld1be guided. Far then from alighting and underrating the significance of the sacred principles that u~derlay ~he religion of_ elder day~, and of t_hat chosen people, to whom it…
907 wordsSECTION 37The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 37
HOMILIES BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. Vere. 1, 2.-Beginning to build. "Solomon began to build the house of the Lord." We are frequently in a similar position; we are starting some sacred enterprise, which, directly or indirectly, affects the Church of Christ, the kingdom of God. What are the sentiments and what is the spirit a…
702 wordsSECTION 38The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 38
Mosaic dispensation (Heh. viii. 5). Solomon was careful to do as he was "instructed for the building" (ver. 3); the dimensions were determined "by the first measure" (ver. 3); be was concerned to act obediently. In the service of Christ, while there is very litt.le indeed of prescription or proscription as to the de…
873 wordsSECTION 39The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 39
I. JN THI!l NI!lAn rm:sENCE OF Gon. The cherubim were, day and night, in the most holy place, close to the sacred ark, very near to the manifested presence of God. Lii'c, at its very highest, id life that is spent with God; in which the spirit is conscious of his nearness to itself. God was not more truly present at Be…
1,133 wordsSECTION 40The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 40
Vers. 1-17.-The building of the temple. I. THE SITE, 1. Central. At Jerusalem. (1) Natural. Jerusalem, the metropolis of the kingdom, the political and religions centre of the country, was entitled to contain the chief symbol round which the political and religious life of the nation was in future to revolve. (2) Ap…
633 wordsSECTION 41The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 41
III. THE ERF.OTION. 1. The house, or the temple proper. (1) Its dimensions: 60 cubits long, 20 broad (ver. 3), 30 high (1 Kings vi. 2); i.e. taking the cubit at 1·33 feet, 79·8 feet, 26·6 f'let, and 39·9 feet, or, in round numbers, 80 feet, 27 feet, and 40 feet. (2) Its parts. "The greater house" (ver. 5), i.e. the hol…
1,167 wordsSECTION 42The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 42
EXPOSI'l.'ION. xxxi. 9; xxxv. 16; xxxix. 39). It was CHAPTER IV. cnlled a see. on o.ocount of its size. We are This che.pter is occupied with some e.c- told in 1 Chron. xviii. 8 whence Do.vid had count of the wntenu of the house, following drawn the supplies of mete.I necessary for naturally upon the o.ccount of the…
647 wordsSECTION 43The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 43
harmonize with that which dictated the (the use of which is given in vor. 19) a.re not superposition of the enormous vase on twelve mentioned, so for as their making is con- probnbly life-sizo oxen. 'fhere la n. general cerned, in the para.llel,except in it• aummary, prefereuce, however, aocor<led to tho opinion ver. 4…
1,065 wordsSECTION 44The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 44
or of a high~r floor with which the part in of the shovel was to remove the ashes. The question was dignified. The citation Jer. basin& should very probably read flesh-hooks. xxxvi. 10, though probably pointing to this Ver. 12,-The pommel&. The Hebrew same court, mn scarcely be adduced as any support of J. D. Micha…
992 wordsSECTION 45The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 45
B), oIJoo in Numbers, and twice in Chro- removal of these ce.ndefabra is recorded J er nicles. Another form of the same root, J~)I? Iii. 19. The expression "afterthemanner'; occurs twice in Bomuel, in the s11me sense of points to the various a~d somewhat minute "flesh-hook" (1 Som. ii. 13, 14), where olso regulation fo…
936 wordsSECTION 46The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 46
of eh. iii. But it, remains to notice other interesting and important aBpects of the con ten ls of this chapter. As soon as these are exhibited in such a m1mner as to mnke their rclatfrc importance apparent, they <lo indeed become of marked interest, I. First, and no doubt first in importance, we read of the great A…
1,122 wordsSECTION 47The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 47
HOMILIES BY V.ARIOUS AUTHORS. Vers. 1-6.-.Acceptable worship. "He made an altar of brass." This is a simple sentence enough, but it is one which had a great significance to the people of God. For to that brazen altar they came for many generations, and there they either wor- shipped God and gRined his Divine favour, o…
659 wordsSECTION 48The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 48
Ver. 7.-Lights in tM wor'ld. There are many difticulties and disagreements about the spiritual significance of the temple furniture; but there is a general agreement as to the meaning of the "candlestick," or of these "ten candlesticks of gold" to whioh the text refers. As in the "Divine compartment" of the "most ho…
1,209 wordsSECTION 49The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 49
Vere. 11-22.-C'ompleteness in (Jhristian service. Sacred service may be of two kinds: it may be feeble, slight, slovenly, wholly incomplete and Uill!atisfactory; or, on the other band, it may be vigorous, effective, thorough, commanding the esteem of men and securing the commendation of Christ. The way in which Solomon…
765 wordsSECTION 50The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 50
Ver. 11.-The manufacture of the temple furniture. I. THE CHERUIIIM, (Ch. iii.10- 13.) 1. Their appearance. Colossal winged :figures; but whether, like the cherubim of Ezekiel (i. 6) and of John (Rev. iv. 7), possessed of four faceB (of a man, of n lion, of an ox, of an eagle) and six wings, cannot be decided. Probab…
495 wordsSECTION 51The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 51
(IAa. vi. 2), and cherubim (2 Sam. xxii. 11 ; Ps. xviii. 10)-are depicted as attendin" Jehovah in his theophanies, or manifestations of himself to men. That they wer; diITorent from angels may be inferred from the fact that these are never exhibited as winged, and are usually represented as Jebovab's messengers (Ps. ci…
866 wordsSECTION 52The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 52
IV. Tm: TABLES OF BlIEWTIREAD. (Vers. 8, 19.) 1. Their number. Ten; in tho tRl,ernaclo, one. 2. Their position. Five on either side of the holy place, The one tnblo in the tabernacle stood upon the side of the tabernacle northward, without the veil (Bxod. xl. 22). 3. Their material. Of gold (1 Chron. xxviii. 16). 4.…
1,201 wordsSECTION 53The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 53
Ver. 1.-The things that David , .. had Ver. 5.-In the parallel (1 Kings viii. 4), dedioated; literally, Hebrew, the holy things; the "and" in the last line of this verse does i.e. the dedicate or set ape.rt things of David. not need the italic type, but is found in the The temple-buildiug, which had been com- Hebrew te…
549 wordsSECTION 54The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 54
i.e. the staves. In either oase, whet.her the in the book on el\rth, 'llhioh will endure ark or the staves were spoken of, the memo- through all gcnorations, as long as the sun nmdum is exceedingly interesting and note- and moon endure, II.I! ushoring in tho moment worthy, RB a patent barn copy of an old when, as de…
1,129 wordsSECTION 55The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 55
HOMILETICS. Vera. 1-14.-The first worship in the finished temple. The homiletic matter of this chapter may be said to be one. For we are, in fact, brought face to face with the cent,·al interest-the my8tic presence, and veiled glory of the tabernacle or temple, in connection with the outer worship-the whole form of th…
715 wordsSECTION 56The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 56
enabled us to pursue our aim until the goal was reached and the work wa.s done. The path ~f human_ life is strewn with f~ures, with abortive attempts to do whnt wns une.ttame.ble, with half-built towers which those who began but were unable to finish (Luke xiv. 28-30); well will it be for us if those who shall speak…
1,139 wordsSECTION 57The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 57
Vera. 2-13.-Bi·inging in the ark. It was fitting enough that the ark which had been in the ancient tabernacle should be brought with mnch ceremony into the new temple. It linked the past and the future, and it associated two things which mu~t be constantly kept together. It suggests to us- I. THE TRUE NATIONAL CONTINU…
621 wordsSECTION 58The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 58
Ven;. 13, 14.-God's glory in the sanctuary: church-opening sermon. Profou"Od!y l!~bdued _,rnd 5?lemnized indeed must thos~ worshippers have been on this great occa- sion. \\ hen, m the presence of the sovereign and of all the elders of Israel, tho priests bronght the ark of the co,•enant into its place, into the hol…
821 wordsSECTION 59The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 59
undertakings can this be affirmed I 2. The plac[ng in the temple of the dedicated treasures. 'l'hese were the gold, silver, and brass David had taken from the nations J,o conquered; tbo spclia opima he had piously consecrated to Jehovah, to be used for sacred purposes (2 Sam. viii. 7-12; 1 Chron. xviii. 7-11). So immen…
904 wordsSECTION 60The Pulpit Commentary — 2 Chronicles — Section 60
In David's day aleo, when the ark we.s brought from the house of Obetl-edom to the city of David, the work_of car~ncr the eacre~ sym~ol was performed by the priests nod Levites (1 Chron. xvi. 1-lu). Now, when it required to be removed to its perm1ment resting-place on Mount Moriah, the same religious officers were d…
922 wordsSource & rights
Public domain historical Pulpit Commentary. Source page identifies the volume as Public Domain; text extracted from its historical PDF.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.