heart (Pr 31«), but its use had to be limited, for it was intoxicating, as in the cases of Nabal (1 S 25"), Lot (Gn 19*-), Amnon (2 S 13^), the drunkards of Ephraim (Is 28'). It was the wine used by Job's family (Job 1"") ; but king Lemuel was dissuaded from its use, because it is said to prevent judgment (Pr 3P), and to cause vomiting (Is 28' 5", Hos 7'). It is called a mocker (Pr 20' ; see also Jer 23'). It was this form of wine with which Melchizedek welcomed Abraham's return (Gn 14'*). It is usually rendered olvos by LXX. In general, this word ia used when wine is spoken of as a beverage.
EJiTn tirish occurs 3S times, and is rendered by LXX by or^ot, piiii (Is 65*), or lUBvaiui (1 S 1", Jer 13'*, Hos 4"). It is so called because it takes pos- session of the brain and inebriates (Gesenius ; but most moderns reject this etymology). In enumerat- ing the products of the land, corn and wine (tirusk) are mentioned 21 times, and oil is coupled with tirush 15 times. The "Targumists, Onkelos, and Jonathan render it by hamer. It is said to take away the understanding in Hos 4", and its intoxi- cating qualities are referred to by the Talmudists, • Tirosh easily takes possession of (v-rc, a [ilay upon the word) the mmd,' Sanhedrin, Ixxvi. § 1. In Joma, Ixxvi. 2, it is said, ' If thou abuse it thou shalt he poor {■a■^^, if thou rightly use it thou shalt be head (s-iin)'; and in the Gemara on this, 'Wherefore is it called tirosh? Because all taken by it shall be poor.' In Jer 40"'- ^ the words yayin and tirush are used as synonyms, and in general tirush is translated ' new wine in AV. It has been argued that tirush meant grapes, because the phrase is used ' to gather tirush' ; but the same is used of yayin, and both are spoken of as trodden out, yayin in Is 16'°, tirush in Mic 6". Collating all the references, it seems as if tirush was especially used for wine as the produce of the vineyard. See further, Driver, Joel and Amos, 79 f.
•Dk' shekar, LXX crkepa, is the word tr. in general 'strong drink,' which occurs 23 times in UT. It was used for the drink-oflering (Nu 28'), and was permitted to be bought with the tithe money and consumed at the temple (Dt 14-*). In excess it caused merriment (Is 24', Ps 69'-) and intoxication (Is 56'-) ; it is often coupled with wine, as if another intoxicating fluid ; Ibn Ezra says it was made from palm-juice or wheat, Kimchi says from fruit juice, Jerome from grain, grapes, or honey {Epist. ad Nepotianum, ii. 11), so it may have been like the barley wine of the Egyptians (Herod, ii. 77), or like arrack, which is at present often used in Palestine (Robinson, iii. 195). It is mentioned, among other jilaces, in Lv 10", Nu 6', Dt 29', Jg •13*- '■'■', 1 S l'», Mic 2". Strong drink was to be given to those ready to perish (Pr 31"), w hich h,as been supposed to refer to the practice of giving in- toxicants to deaden the pain of execution. Light- foot says that it was the practice of wealthy women in Jeru.salem to provide the strong drink for this purpose (Ilor. Heb. xi. 366). The vinegar given to our Lord may have been intended for this purpose. Shekar seems to be named from ita effects (iiy ' to be drunk ').
i-n keiner, used twice in Heb. (Dt 32", Is 27', but last probably mistake for Tpn) and six times in Aram. (Ezr C" 7--, Dn 5'- ^ *• '"), seems to be derived from the sparkling, foaming upi>earance of ferment- ing wine. In Is 27- the clause in which it occurs appears to be another line from a vintage song. It was wine of this kind that Cyrus gave for the temple use (Ezr 6'). In Dt 32'^ it is calle<I the pure blood of the grape, i.e. not mixed with water ; but RV has tr. it the blood of the grape, wine. It is red wine in Is 27-, and it was the wine which Belshazzar drank out of the temple vessels (Dn 5').
O'CV '".y't'i a poetical synonym meaning that which ia trodden out. It is the new wine of Ca 8' ; tht
sweet intoxicating wine of Is 49-", the sweet ■nine lainent''d by the drunkards in Jl 1', ami tliat which IS supplied to the restored remnant of Israel as a blessing (Jl 3'*). It is rendered in LXX vofia, y\uKaa-fi6!, but the sweet wine of Am 9" is /jLiO-q. It is probably the same as ' the sweet' of Nell 8'", where it is called o'ijrc'? mnmtrihkim, or sweetnesses.
N3S suite', intoxicating drink in general, the wine of Is 1—, wliich was spoiled by mixture with water, or that in Hos 4'*, which had become sour, or that which drenched the drunkard to helplessness (Nah I'»).
^D? mesek, in Ca 8^ J,f? mezeg, LXX K^pairfia, is mixed wine, to which spices have been added to make it hotter and improve its flavour. In Pr 23^, Ps 75", Is 65" it is called mim.mk. In Pr 9-- ° it is used metaphoricnlly for the inspiring drink supi)lied by wisdom, and in Is 5^ for the strong drink which warps the judgment. In Pr 23*" it is a parallel synonym for yayin.