(6) The forests where Jotham 'built castles and towers ' (2 Ch 27^) were in the mountains of Jutlah.
(7) If horesh (1 S 23" etc.) refers to a wood, then there was a forest at the edge of the Jud:ean desert, near Ziph. The LXX seems to regard it as a place, Kahri. Conder located it at Khurbct- Khureisa. Tristram, however, thinks that a forest was intended. (8) The latter opinion is strengthened by the allusion (Ezk 20^"- ■") to the 'forest of the south field ' and ' forest of the south' (AV), and ' forest of the field in the south ' (Nejieb), ' forest of the south ' (RV). These must haveoeen forests of S. Judaea, overlooking the Jud.tan wilderness and et-Tih. (9) There were extensive forests in Bashan (Is 2") and Gilead (2 S 18" ' the wood [RV 'forest'] of Ephraim'). (10) Lebanon was noted for its forests (1 K 7"), as also Carmel (2 K 19'^). RV tr» itenj in this passage ' fruitful field ' {sc. of Lebanon, which seems demanded by the con- text). Forests are mentioned in Apocr. (1 Mac 4™).
Forests were an emblem oi pride (Zee 1 P). They were contrasted with cultivated ground, as an emblem of neglect (Is 29").
Notwithstanding the ravages of conquerors, and the improvidence of the people, there are still con- siderable wooded regions, even in W. Palestine. The slopes of the hills, and not a few of the sides of the ravines, are clothed with thickets, and in a few places there are groves of trees, as on the flanks of Carmel and Tabor. Gilead and Bashan have quite extensive open woods of oak, terebinth, arbutus, and pine. There are stUl traces of the old cedar groves of Lebanon, and large open groves of pine, oak, cypress, juniper, and spruce. There are also many scrubs of dwarf oaks and carobs. Willows and poplars and plane trees are abundant along the watercourses, and tamarisks along the seashore and in the deserts. Acacias are fairly numerous in the valleys around the Dead Sea, and southward to Sinai. Terebinths, carobs, evergreen oaks, ash, hackberry, and Pride of India are scattered freely over the whole country. Large forests of full-grown trees are found in 5f. Lebanon, and in the heart of Amanus in N. Syria. In the latter chain are large districts, wholly occupied by forests of cedar of Lebanon, beech, pine, oak, hornbeam, cypress, spruce, and yew.
G. E. Post.
FORETELL.— Thrice ' foretell ' occurs in AV, each time for a dilierent Gr. verb, and twice in the sense of 'tell beforehand,' not specially pro- phesy or prognosticate : Mk 13^ ' Beliold, I have toretold you all things' (ivpoelpniKa, RV 'I have told you all things beforehand ') ; 2 Co IS* ' I told
FOREWABD
FORGETFULNESS
55
you before, and foretell you, as if I were present, the second time ' (wpoeipTjKa /cai irp6\{fu>, RV ' I have said beforehand, and I do say beforehand,' KVm ' plainlj' ' for beforehand). For this mean- ing see Sliaks. Tempest, IV. i. 149 —
' These our actors. As I foretold you, were all spirits * ;
and /// Henry VI. IV. viL 12—
• For many men that stumble at the threshold Are well foretold that danger lurka within.'
In the third instance the meaning is prophesy, predict, Ac 3" ' aU the prophets . . . have like- wise foretold of these days' (TR TrpoKa.TippiiCKa.v, but edd. Kar)J77EAai', whence RV 'they also told of these days '). [7rpoKaTa77AX(<) is accepted by edd. in Ac 3'8 ( AV ' God before had shewed,' RV 'God foreshewed '), and 7" (EV 'shewed be- fore ')]. J. Hastings.
FOREWARD.— In 1 Mac 9" it is said of the army of Bacchides, ' they that marched in the foreward were all mighty men.' The Gr. for ' they that marched in the foreward ' is oi i!fiixra.-fuvi(!Ta.i, whence comes our ' protagonist.' The same word occurs in 2 Mac 15*', where Judas is called 6 TpioTaywvKXTTjs vTT^p rujv iroXtruJc, AV ' the chief defender of the citizens,' RV 'the foremost cham- pion of his fellow-citizens.' It signified first the principal actor in a play, and then the person taking a leading part in any enterprise, the one who ' plays first fiddle,' in fact, as Liddell and Scott suggest. The Eng. phrase ' in the fore- ward ' comes from Geneva, ' they that foght in the forewarde were all valiant men.' The fore- ward ( = ' front-guard ') was the foremost line of an army, its vanguard ; thus Caxton (1489), Sonnes of Ai/mon, i. 41, ' Fyrste of aJle came the fore- warde wyth the Oryflame ' ; and Shaks. Bich, III. V. ui. 293—
* My foreward shall be drawB out all in length, Consisting equally of horse and foot.'
RV translates, ' the mighty men that fought in the front of the battle ' ; which is almost a return to Wyclif (1382), 'the first of the bateU al the miglity.' J. Hasting?.
FORFEIT.— From Old French forfait or forfet after late Latin forisfactum, a trespass, or tone (Lat. foris without, and facere to do), a ' forfeit ' was originally an act outside of rigliteou.sness, and ' to forueit ' was to act unrighteously, to sin. Thus IJerners, Froissnrt, I. cccc.\.\xi. ' Sir, ye know well the Flemings that he yonder have done us no forfeit' ; and Chaucer, Parsones Tale, 275 (Student's ed. p. 682"), ' And al this suflred Jesu Crist, that neuere forfeited.' From this the mean- ing passed early into the expression of a penalty due for transgression, a fine ; and the veru came to signify to lose, or lose the right to, something, a meaning in which both subst. and vb. are still used. But in its only occurrence in AV the vh. ' forfeit ' (the subst. is not found) is used with direct reference to the authority or executi\Tj power to confiscate ; and in that sense it is marked by 0j7'. Enrj. Diet, as obsolete : Ezr 10' 'And that whosoever would not come within three days, according to the counsel of tlie princes and the ehlers, all his substance should he for- feited ' (c"!r;;, A Vm and KVm ' devoted '). Cf. Dn '2* Wye. (1382), 'your housis shuln be maad comiMoun or forfctid.'