'He wisnat pale as a tor-pyned ( = tonnent«d) goost"
The application to the Holy Spirit is also very early. Thus Malory, Morte d' Arthur (Globe ed.), xill. viii. 7—' In the midst of this blast entered a sun-beam more clearer by seven times than ever they saw day, and all they were alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost.' Nor is it always accompanied by the adj. Holy : Chaucer (Seeonde Nonnei Tale, 3'2S) has— * But ther is better lyf in other place. That never shal be lost, ne drede tliee nought. Which Goddes sone us tolde thurgh his grice ; That fadrcs sone hath alle thinges wrought ; And al that wrought is with a skilful thought. The gost, that fro the fader gan procede. Hath sowled hem, withouten any drede.' (5) Finally, it should be noticed that the wonl is sometimef applied to a dead body. Spenser, FQ 11. viii. 20 —
* Palmer, (said he) no knight so rude, I weene, As to doen outrage to a sleeping ghost.'
Shaks. // Benri/ VI. ill. ii. 161—
' See how the blood is settled in his face I Oft have I seen a timely-parted ghost. Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless.'
This is held to be the meaning of Hamlet, I. iv. 85—
' Still am 1 call'd, unhand me, gentlemen. By heaven, I'll make a ghost of him that let's me I*
And Dyce quotes from Hooker's AjnaTida (1053), p. 207 —
' What stranger who had seen thy shriv'led skin. Thy thin, pale, ghastly face, would not have been Conceited he had seen a ghost i' th' bed. New risen from the grave, not lately dead?'
In AV 'ghost' is used only in tlie plira.se 'give up' or 'yield up the ghost,' and in the name 'thf Holy Gho.st.'
1. The poetic and 'Priestly' word rj gdwa, whi h means 'to expire,' 'to perish,' is tr'' 'give up the ghost' in Gn2.58- " 35^, Job 3" 10'" IS'" 14'", La 1'-'; and 'yield up the ghost' in tin 49**. This tr" is jiartly due to the Geneva liible (Gn 35" 49**), but seems in most places original to AV. There is no rea.son for so sjiecial a tr" in those passages ; elsewhere g/iwa is tr'' simply ' die,' except Jos 22-'", Job 34", 'perish.' The Heb. nn ruah, ' breath,' 'spirit,' is never tr'' ' ghost.' But c'ej nephcsh, ' soul,' is twice so tr'', .lob U-" ' their liope shall be as the giving up of the ghost' (li'Ernf; ; AVm 'a pull' of breatli ') ; and Jer 15" ' she hath given up the ghost ' (.T^'EJ .I"?:). In To 14" we find '{"■'X^ ''"' "i '''^ same waj', ' he gave up the ghost in tlie bed ' (iiiXnrcv [B ;f Afiirei'] aiJToC i) ^vxv ^t! rijs xXifTjs). In NT we do not find tf^'XV so tr'', but iri-eC/ia twice, Mt 27*' ' Jesus, when he had cried again with a Uiud voice, yielded up the gliost' {d<prjKe ri vfcvtia; HV 'yielded up his spirit'); and Jn 19*" 'he Iwwed his head and gave up the ghost ' {irapiSuKe ri TUfv/xa ; RV ' gave up Ids spirit '). Tliough i/>vx^ is not tr'' 'ghost,' the verb 4is4"''X'^t which occurs tliree times, is twice (Ac 5' 12^) tr'' 'give up the gliost,' .and once (.'\c 5'") 'yield up the ghost.' Simil.arly iKirviu, which also occurs tliree times (Mk 15^- ", I.k '23^"), is each time tr' 'give up the ■'host.' Finally, the jihra-se iv itrxirri Tcog (lit. as KV ' at the last ga-sp ') is rendered in 2 Aluc 3^' 'give up tlie ghost.'
2. Wherever Tvcviia is accompanied with 47101" it is tr' in AV after all the previous versions ' llolv Ghost' (in Hill always spelt 'holy (;ho>t,' which is the more surprising that Khem. NT has ahiio^t always ' Holy Ghost'). When Titf^ia occurs with- out a-jioi', and the reference is to the Holy Ghost, it is tr'' ' spirit ' or ' Spirit.' Tlie BV has a few times, Amer. IIV always, replaced 'Holy Ghost' by ' lluly Spirit'; both have generally accepted ' ^'ive up' or 'yield up the ghost.' See artules Holy SriKiT and Spirit. J. Hastings.
GIAH (rj'}).— Named in the account of Joab's pursuit of Ahner, 2 S '2-*, ' the hill of Ammah that lietli before Giali by the way of the wilderne-ss of (iibeon.' Ammah is prob. taken correctly as a jiroper name, althongli it cannot be identiliwl. riicod., indeed, tr. it by iiipayiayl)^, 'aqueduct' (so Vulg. aijturilucttu), but this would necessitalo tha
166
GIANT
GIANT
article, n^xrr (cf. Wellli. and Driver, ad loc). Wellli. proposes to eliminate Giah from the text, and for i -ij-i? TT! 0'? 'J?'''i' of ]MT to substitute •is-h'j '3 -iji^? --nri, holding tliat D"J has arisen out of n •? (cf. the LXX Vol, i.e. k;3 'ravine'). It was natural to interpolate a qni answering to the preceding ' liill,' and the n of Vi might readily arise from the .1 of 'Ti^. This emendation is accepted by Budde (in SBOT) and Kittel (in Kautzsch's AT).
J. A. Selbie.
GIANT. — Most peoples have traditions in regard to gigantic men existing in earlier times. Not many decades ago these traditions were supposed to be conlirmed by discoveries of remains of pre- historic men of enormous size. But a close scrutiny of the evidence indicates that prehistoric men were not larger than the men now living, and that the diH'erence between the largest men that ever lived and men of normal size is less than used to be thought. Moreover, the giants of the traditions, when we come to study the subject closely, are found to be more or less confused with mythological beings or with ghosts, thus becoming, in a measure, unreal.