For works which discuss the external evidence relating to the Gospels, see New Testament Canon.
Special Aius kok stcdvino the Facto.— Rushbrooke, Synop- ticun, IbSO ; A. Wright, A Si/nopsis nf the Gutpelt in Greek, 1896.
Representatives OF TUE Ti uisoen School — It will suffice to refer to F. C. Baur, Kritische Uixtertuchungen iiber die kanon- usclitn Evanneiien, 1847, and for somewhat more moderate views of the same tvpe to Hilgenfeld, Kinleitunj in dot Xeut Tetiainent, 1S75 ; Keim, Jenu o/ S'azara : I. Sun ey of Sources, ISB" ; S. Davidson, [ntroduelion to the Study o/ llie Xew Tetta- Tm-nf, 2nd ed. lSo2, 3rd ed. revised and improved, 1S94.
UEPRKSESTATlVtS OK THE ORAL TUEORY. — WestCOtt, Introdw>
timi to the StuJii oj Iht GotptU, 2nd ed. revised and enlarged, ISliO, 8th ed. Isiio: A. Wright, Composition of the Four GotpeU, ISUO ; Preface to Synopsil, 1896 ; and Some ST Problemt, 1898. (C. Weizsacker, A post. Age, bk. iv. ch. 2, may be studied with great advantage in regard to the influence of the period of Oral transmission in shaping the records, though he is not an adherent of the Oral Theory).
Kkprksestatives of TnETwo-DOCDiiEiT Theory rifDER Various Forms — Uoltzmann, Die Hyiwptijic/ien Evaii'jelien, 1803, iv'iji- teitum in d. Seue TestauieiW, 18S6; B. Weiss, The Life oJ Chrint, bk. i. The Sources, 1882, A Manual of Introduction to the Sew Testament, div. iv., 1SS6. [Those only who desire to studv the subject very fully need examine R Weiss' Marau- Em'nijelium, 1S72, and Matthuut - Ei:angelium, 1876] ; 0. Weizsiicker, Untersuchurujen uber die ecangclische Geschichle, ihre l^uellen und den Gang ihrer Entmekeluig, I8i<4 ; Wendt, Lehre Jesu, ISSfl ; P. Ewald, Das HauptprutiUin d. Kiangelieit- fratje, 1890. (The ' main problem ' referred to is the question how the Synoptic account came to be limited in the way that it is seen to be when the Johannine is recognized as possessing at least a considerable element of historical truth) ; Sanday, ' A Survey of the Synoptic (Question,' arts, in the Expotitor, 1891, Juspiration, LecL \i. 1503; ' Introductions to the Synoptic Oospels in Book by Book ; A. J. Jolley, The Synoptic Problem Jut Eiujlieh lieadert, 1893.
ADurnosAL Books AKD Arts, on thb Focrtu Oospkl.— West- cott, Prolegomena in Commentary on St. John, 1881 ; Sanday, The Authorship and Uittorical Character of the Fourth Gospel, 1872 ; Watkins, Modem Crxtieitm conniered in its relation to the Fourth Gospel, 1890 ; DeUT, Da* vierte Bvan- gelium and Seiu Beilrage zur Kritik und Lrklarung d. vierten Ecangeliums, 1890; art*, in CorUemporary Reriew for Sept. and Oct 1891, by Schiirer and Sanday ; also Sanday, ' The Present Position of the Johannean Question,' arts, in Expositor, 1891, 18»i ; Ilarnack in Zeitschr. /. Theol. u. Kirche, 2 Jahr){. Heft 3.
Works istpUL IN tuk Study of the local ooloukino in the OosiELs.— Schiirer, UJP, 1SS5, 1S90 ; J. Langen, DatJudenthum in I'aUittimi zur teit Chritli, ISlW ; SUpfer, Palatini in ths TimeofChrvit.iasS; F. WeiieT.Snitemd. altsvnagogalen Palaj- tiuitclirn Theidotjif, 1880; Wunsche, Xeue Beitruge zur Erlau- tenm-j d Eian/elienaus Talmud und Jf iJrowA, 1878 ; O. A. Smith, UaUL.'lSM. V. H. Stanton.
GOTHIC VERSION.— See Version.
G0TH0LIA3 (roOoMas), 1 Es 8".— Jesias son of Gothulias returned with Ezra. His name in Ezr 8' is Athai.iaii, which was thus both a male and female name (2 K 11'). The form is derived from the llcb., the r taking the place of the initial Avin, and not through the Greek of Ezr ('Atf«X«i, Atf.Xid). H. St. J. Thackkray.
GOTHONIEL (roSowiiX).— The father of Ch»brin one of the rulers of Uethulia (Jth a").
250
GOUKD
GOVERNMENT
GOURD (j'vij'p kiMi/On, KoXoKvydii, Acrfera).— There are three opinions in regard to the plant intended in Jon 4''-">.
{«) That of Jerome, expressed in the Vulg. ren- dering heilera (ivy), — an opinion w-ith no support, otyinoloi,'ical or botanical, and denouncecf by AuL'Ustine as heresy.
(o) That of Celsius (Hierob. ii. 273), that it was the k/iarwa', Jiieimis communis, L., the castor-oil tree. The grounds for this opinion are philological. Uioscorides (iv. 1G4) describes the Kpiruii/, i.e. the lastor-oil tree, under the name of KUi, and the Talra. lalls castor-oil p';; ]"?■ shemen kif:. The plant which (lod provided to overshadow Jonah, however, was a vine, which seems from the context to h.ave trailed over his arbour, and not a small tree like the castor -oU plant, which could not, by any stretch of the imafcination, be regarded as a vine.
(c) That of the LXX, xoXiKwOa (see Wild Gourds below), the buttle-goiird, Cucurbita lar/oiarin, L. , the harrth of the Arabs. This has the advantage of answering the botanical conditions perfectly. Jonah had constructed a booth, such as the ' lodge in a garden of cucumbers' (see CUCUMBER), of poles and leaves. He sat in the shade of this booth. But the leaves soon withered, and he was exposad again to the blazing sun of Mesopotamia. It IS quite customary to plant the bottle-gourd by such Dooths, or by the trellises near houses. It grows very rapidly, and its broad leaves form an excellent shade. Such a vine, growing over Jonali's booth, suits well the narrative. The rapidity with which the leaves of these gourd- vines uie and wither and curl up is also eminently »p])ropriate.
Wild Gourds (t\]!^^ pakku'Oth, roKiini, colorynth- ides). These are the fruits of a vine growing in the fields (2 K 4'°). The root of this word signilies to burst open. This etym. would suit the squirting cucumber, EcbcdUum Elaterium, L., in Arab, kith- th& el-himAr. This plant is very common, and its juice is a drastic cathartic, and in large quantities an irritant poison. But it could not, with any ropriety, be called a vine. It is a perennial erect erb, with a brittle stift' stem and branches, and is quite destitute of tendrils. This would make the term (23, qejjhen, wholly inappropriate to it.