of questions touching the revenues. In the pro- vinces of the third class he was the general admini- strator and the supreme judge, with sole power of life and death (Uion Cass. liii. 15), an appeal to CiE.sar being allowed in the case of Roman citizena (see CJiSAR). Although it was not necessary that the Proc«ra<or should be a person of high station where he was only appointed to iinanciaJ duties, he was required to be a knight where the charge of government was committed to him. Therefore the appointment of Felix, who was a freetlman, must have struck the Jews as an insulting in- novation. The headquarters of the Procurator of Jiuhca was Cajsarea, which was made a garrison town.
In 2 Co II*" (AV and RV) the word Rovemor appears as tr° of iOvapxn^ for tlie ethnarch (RVm) ot Damascus. See Aketas, Ethnarch. The word rendered 'governor' in Gal 4^* AV (okoi'Vos) is trd. ' steward ' in KV, as it is elsewhere in NT, e.g. Lk 12*- 1 Co 4-. It indicates a superior servant entrusted with the housekeeping of a family, the direction of the other domestics, and the care of children under age. The 'governor of the feast' (apxiTpUXLvot, Jn 2" AV, RV 'ruler of the feast') was a man appointed to see that thi' couches and tables were in order, to arran"e the courses, to taste the food and wine, etc. (Helio- doru.s, Acth. vii. 27). In early times, if not later, he was a dilVerent person from the 'toast maker' (<TviJiiro<yiapx'n^, Sir 32'), who was one of the gtiests chosen by lot to direct the drinking (Grimm Thayer). 'Governor' in Ja S'' AV (a participle of (idvvu, straighten) means 'steersman' (RV).
I.lTEBATVRE. — Schiirer, UJP I. ii. 43-48; Marquardt, ROm Staafsverwalt, i. 412; LiclK-nam, Beitruge zur Vencattun'j* Iffiich. d. Rinn. Kaiaerreich'^i, i. 1-18, 2;J, 24, 30 ; Huusrath, XT Timet, Titne o] Jemis, ii. 83-93. \V. F\ AuENF.Y.
GOZAN, I!'i3, Vwiiv (B Tw^ip 2 K 17«, Xufd/j 1 Ch 5'-"). — The countrj" on the river(s?) of which the Israelites, deported from Samaria by the king of A.ssyria, had to .settle, was identified correctlj' by liochart (Plialcg, iii. 14) as the Gauzanitis of Ptolemy, v. 18 (Taufa^rTis). This region is de- scribed as situated between the Chaboras (see H.\iiOR) and Saocora.s. The latter river, flowing into the Eui)hrates from the Masius mountains, cannot be identified ; it must have changed its course or have been dried up. At any rate, we can identify Gauzanitis as the eastern part of Osroi-ne of the classic writers west of Nisibis and the (later) country of Mygilonia (this name hardly = Gozan, but it is probably connected with the Mitanni of the Aniarna tablets), almost in the centre of Northern Mesopotamia. This agrees too closely with the description in the Bible (2 K 17" 18" 19''-'=Is 37", 1 Ch S^) to admit of any doubt. The modern name Kaushan seems to correspond, but not ZauzAn (wliich means the mountains near the source of the Chaboras). Assyrian lists of jiio- vinces mentioning Guzana seem to show that the name referred originally to a citv, the capital of the province of Guzan. Nisibis, being mentioned parallel to G. as Nasihina, did not belong to this pro\'ince. See on the .As.syrian passages Schrader, A'.-l 7'- 275 ; Delitz„sch, Paradici, 184. On the ques- tion whether the biblical pa-ssages speak ol several 'rivers of Gozan,' see Halaii. (The view of some scholars, which makes G. a river, was re- futed even before the cuneiform texts were found). If the singular 'river' (Massoretie te.\l) is to be kejit. this ' river of G.' is the Habor. The plural (l..\.X) wouUl point to the several brooks from the Miisius which form the Halwr, possibly also the Balih. 2 K 2"= Is 37'^ .seems to show that tiozan became an Assyrian province only in the 8tb century. W. Max MI'ller.
254
GRACE
GRACE
GRACE. — The words most coninionly rendered ' gr:ue,' ' be gracious,' etc., in AV are ]0 (verb i;n) in UT, and x^P" with its coynate forms in NT. The former appears in such proper names as Hannah, Ilaiian, Hanun, Hanani, Hanancel (' Kl is gracious'), llananiali {'J"hath been gracious '). Its force is ' to be favourable or kinilly,' or ' to act in a favourable or kindly way.' Probably, however, T;n, LXX fXfos, corresponds more nearly with the distinctive idea of grace in its NT aiid general Christian u>e.* [-, for example, has no spcci.al connexion with redemptive grace, and the LXX use of x'^P'^t ^y which jri is usually rendered, must be to thi.s extent distinguished from the NT use of the same word. On the other h.and, Acos in NT is rather jiifi/ l hanfavour, and denotes God's relation to human misery rather than to human sin.
It is in the various applications of x"/"' that the roots of the idea of grace and its specially Chris- tian significance may in the first jilace be most usefully studied. Xdpis is that which bestows or occa-sions pleasure. It is applied to beauty, grace- fulness, whether of person, act, or speech, cf. in LXX Ec 10'=, Sir 21'" .37-', in NT Lk 4'^=, Eph 4-'^, Col 4'. It thus denotes the favourable, friendly disposition or nature out of which the gracious act proceeds, or that wliicli it creates in the recipient ; It is the favour manifested, or the gratitude felt or acknowledged. It is loving -kindness, goodwill, in a wide acceptation, and is thus used of the kind- ness of a master towards his servants, and, by analogy, of the goodness of God to men ; cf. Lk 1"", Ac T", 1 P2''-'-*'. To be in favour with one is tbpelv Xdpti' TTapd Tivt, ^x^t** X^P^^ vpos rira, Lk 1**, Ac 2"*', cf. Lk 2'-. An interesting instance of this general sense is at the beginning and end of the Apostolical Epistles, where the writers desire for their readers the grace of God or of Christ, to which grace or favour they recognize that all blessings are to be ascribed — Ko 1' 18-», 1 Co P l^>-'^ 2 Co P 13", Gal P 6'», Eph 1- 6-', Ph 1- 4-3. Col 1- 4'», 1 Th 1' 5^, 2 Th P 3'», 1 Ti P 6-', 2 Ti 1- 4--, Tit I* 3", Philem '• "■', He 13=», 1 P P, 2 P I- S'\ 2 Jn ', also Rev P 22-'.