B. V ocahulary and Language of P. — In Genesis and E.x 1-5, prior that is to the revelation of the name J", P always uses as the name of God ' Klohim ' or ":»• Sn ' God Almighty,' the latter es]!. of His revelation of Himself to the patriarchs, if. Ex 6^ with Gn 17' 35" 48» ; P uses Sxi.;;- -p ' the sons of Israel,' not ' Israel,' so also ' the chil- dren of Heth ' ('Hittite' only in sing.) ; 'i» (130 times) for the more archaic ';:« (once only in P) ; I5.XI in the phrase 'gathered to his people,' of burial ; ' according to their generations ' ; n}p:i -9; 'male and female,' Gn 1'-' 6" (in 7' J has Spfsi a-v. ' man and his wife '), Lv 3'- ° etc. ; ' thou (you, etc. ) and thy seed after thee,' Gn 9», Ex 28" ; n;? ' by the hand of,' with words of command ; ' that soul shall be cut otf from his iieople,' and similar phrases, Gn 17'* (contrast 'shall surely be put to death' in the Book of the Covenant, Ex 21 (E)) ; pS 'to niunnur' (only in P); f? 'kind,' Gn 1 (throughout), Lv IP''- '»; IJf ;n ' the dwelling,' of the taliernacle (about 100 times) ; rn-j ' testimony,' as in the phrase 'the ark of the testimony' (only thrice in JE, and that in disputed passages) ; ni.T cvn oi';;j ' in the bone of this day,' i.e. 'in tliis very day,' 14 times; 'be fruit- ful and multiply,' very freiiuent ; ' Paddan-arani,' never 'Naharaim' (the abode of Lalian is called ' Haran' in JE, cf. Gn 28'" 29* with 'JS- 33'" 35", 'tlie children of the East' in 29'); ' Sinai ' (never 'Iloreb'). There is also an avoiiiance of several otherwise common words and phrases, such as kj ;\ith imperatives, en; ' drive out,' ipn n-;-,} ' do mercy,' "ipVi ' and ho added ' to do something, i.e. did it again, 3-;n 'c^ ' by the mouth, i.e. the edge, of the sword,' though these last two are so common a-s in a literal Greek translation to have found their way into the language of NT (Lk 20"- '" 21", He ll-''), ' a land llowing with milk and honey ' (excoiit in Lv 20**). In this list, which is only a small selection out of many, all sacrificial terms and words of a like VOL. n. — 24
nature, wliich might be accounted for simply by the peculiar subject-matter of P, have been studi- ously avoided. In P the argument from language is quite as strong as that derived from the general character of that document. In most pas.sages either taken alone would form conclusive evidence.
C. Extent of P. — In Genesis P can be at once distinguished from J by the use of Elohim, from E by its general characteristics, style, and vocabulary. All the Elohistic passages of 1-11 belong to P, ana create little or no dilEculty. In the re.st of Genesis we find belonging to P : (1) Short hi.itoriral noti(:.it dealing with (a) leading events, such as the rescue of Lot from the cities of the Plain, 19-' ; Jacob's return from Paddan-aram, 31'" 33'" ; his descent into Egypt with a characteristic statement of date, 46" ; the settlement of Esau in Seir, 36""" ; (6) statistics of births, deatlis, and marriages, lU"- " 213 25Mb g^g_ . (c) chronological details, 12"' 41". (2) Genealogies, 25'=-'" 35=»-^ (eh. 36 as a whole is jirobably a still later insertion). (3) The blessings of Abram, Sarai, and Ishmael, connected with the rite of circumcision, and in the case of the first two the change of name, ch. 17 ; of Jacob by his father in conne.\ion with his dismissal and projected marriage with one of his own family in contrast to the heathen marriage of Esau, 27*'-28'' ; and again directly by God, with change of name, 35"-". (4) The purcba.se of Machpelah, explaining the origin of the burial-place of the patriarchs, ch. 23, who, according to P, were all buried there, as well as their wives, 23'» 25" 49^' 50'".
In the Sinaitic portion of Exodus the P sections are obvious. We may, without he.sitaticn, a.scribe to P 24">'-'" (or '*•) 25'-31" (or possibly '") 35-40. In the earlier parts of Ex, P is more fragmentary, but it will be readily recognized that the following passages contain several of its characteristics and are evidently connected together. In l'"' we have a genealogical notice, with the statement in v.' tliat the Israelites were ' fruitful and multiplied.' 2-^'"^ is a passable with Elohim as the name of God, and refers back to the patriarchal covenant of Gn 17, etc., and therefore must also be assigned to P. \V'e find the connexion between these two sections in 1" a concise doublet of w."-'^ wliich latter has not the characters of P, and belongs therefore to another source (JE). In 6--' we have P's version of the re- velation of the sacred name J" (contrast 3) marked as P's by "is' Sx (see above, iii. 2. B). 7'"' is clearly P's introduction to its five wonders (w.' and ' are very characteristic of P). P's five wonders follow in 7"-" rod into serpent, 7"-*'*- ''"'■*' tralcr into blood, S"-'-'"'- [Heb. S'-'-'""] frogs, S""'" [Heb. 8'--'»] /ice, 9"-" buiis, and 11'- '"(by some ascribed to K) appears to mark the conclusion. In 12'"^- ^ we have the ordinances of the passover, marked at P's both liy its language and ceremonial character. Ch. 16, in its present form, appears largely to be- long to P (special point~s of interest for 1' being the stringency of the Sabbath requiremen'n, vv.*"*', and the pVestrvation of the pot of manr..t), though partes of the chapter are regarded by many critics as later. The rest of P in this part of Exodus con- sists merely of short statements giving an itinerary of tlie journey from Egypt to Sinai.