Eower of Moses' rod. Similarly, Amalelc is defeated y the virtue of Moses' uplifted hand. The story of Jacob and Lahan illustrates also another tendency of E, to soften moral difficulties. The deception of his old father had been largely the fault of hia mother, and .also took place before the covenant with God at Bethel, and therefore mijht be passed over, but Jacob's dishonesty in «i:aling with Laban seemed inconsistent with the character of a patriarch. Notice again how E justifies the expulsion of Hagar, which in J is merely the result of jealousy (Gn 16'"'), by representing it as the express command of God (21'*). There are also some important differences in the subject-matter of these two. In J Moses acts by and for himself. In E much importance is attached to subordinates. Aaron a-ssists him in his miracles, and Jelhro givet
HEXATELCU
HLXAi'Jt-UCli
■■y,i
him practical advice, and leads him in the wilder- ness, Ex 18. Joshua acts as his minister, 24". In J tlie patriarchs are connected with Hebron, Gn 13"* 18', in E with Beerslieba, ai'" 28'" 4G», and Shechem, 33" 48-'-'. In J Judah talves the leading part among Joseph's brethren, Gn 37-" 43'"'* 44.CI6. :a 4628_ in E Reuben, 37^'- ^- -» 42--- ". In E the prophetic element is more prominent than in J. Abraham, Gn 20'- ", and Moses, Ex 33" (E?), Nu 12', Jos W (cf. also Ex 20"*-"', Nu 11- 21'), are described as propliets, Miriam as a prophetess, E.\ 15-"^". Josliua is the prophetic successor of Moses, both in wonder-working, Jos 8, and in his final exhortation and the promulgation of his law- book, 24.
E. Besides the use of Elohim and ■/" respectively, we find the following words and phrases charac- teristic of these two documents : —
E. — 'Amorites' (used as name of aborigines of Palestine) for ' Canaanites.' 'Horeb' for 'Sinai.' ' Jacob ' for ' Israel ' (yet latter occurs in several E passages, esp. Gn 48-50, perhaps introduced bj- R). ' Jettiro ' for ' Raguel ' of J. 'The man Moses,' three times, ncx 'handmaid,' for .iijre' (J) inmri- ably, as in Ex 21. -i'j,'3 'beast' (only in E). Ssis ' lord ' in its several uses as ' husband ' (J and P have c*'!< in this sense, E never). 3^ pin ' harden heart,' Ex 1-12, for 3^ 13;, t?:.? (3). ni of place (J applies it to time). 3?S for 37 (J), npj ' try,' ' prove,' esp. of God, as in Gn 22', Ex 15=* 20-" (?Ex 16* 17-''). 'i^i'T 'bring up,' of bringing up the Israelites out of Egypt. 3 yj? 'to light upon,' as in Gn 28". D'^J1> "t- ' feet,' in sense or ' times,' Ex 23'''. k;i ' heal,' with God as subject, Gn 20", Nu 12" (so a ground for ascribing Ex 15* in its original form [see above, iii. 1.. C] to E). ''i:^' 0'», lit. ' put for a nation,' for ''ij^ .■!■;•;', lit. 'make for a nation' (J), cb-^s* Vion 'the day before yesterday,' with ^ or p, certainly character- istic of E, though in some of the Ex passages all critics do not agree, vis ' interpret ' ot dreams.
J. — c-ni a-ix 'Aram Naharaim' for ' Paddan- aram' (P). 'Israel' for 'Jacob.' 'Sinai,' as in P, for ' Horeb ' (D, E). ' Canaanites,' but ' Perizzite,' Gn 13' 34^, Jg !*• » (according to Meyer an interpolation). 'To find jjrace in the eyes of,' very Irenuent in J, also m some JE passages. ' To call on the name of J " ' freinient. 'To run to meet' frequent. Israelites called 'Is- rael,' not 'sons of Israel' (P), so 'Egypt' for ' Egyptian,' ' Reuben,' 'Gad,' etc., of the separate trilies. ' His brother,' in "enealogies. n:-iK ' land,' where pN would be used by E and P. 'j;n for ')ti, usually. rr^'K ^'? np^ ' took him a wife,' regular formula in J, but once in E. n;si3 ' as thou
foest.' •}■'*< '3 'I pray thee, my lord,' frequent ut not exclusively in J. jnj .i;n ' to preserve seed alive.' 3'!7 'to be dry,' as of the Flood, for r;:(P). c-in for c-is? (K, only once in J), n'j; Qal, 'to beget.' 3-13^ 3f'; 'dwell in the midst.' i3j in sense of 'to be great, important.' nS for 'self,' as Gn 6" 8='. itis;? ' fodder,' Gn 24«- ^ (E has I'll?, Gn 45'°). Kj with imperatives, etc. (in Gn 40 times in J, 6 in E). a"jy n;;^') ' breath of life,' Gn 2' 7*' (nn inserted), for o-n rn (P), cvjn, nxtn cvsc, etc., frequent. tv>', ^y\"i of younger brothers and sisters (E n;?,?). k-;i7 ]rSi Jrenucntly, but once in E, Gn21". nrircJ with P, etc., for -?!< (E). Notice al.so a preference for the verbal suthx nx.
F. Diite and Orifjin of JK. — The fact that most of the contents of J E are referred to by Amos and Ho.sea makes it prof/able that JE was prior to these prophets, but not absolutely certain, because, when these books were written, the stories may Btill have been current only in the form of oral tradition, and the absence of any mention of the rtory of Joseph, so full of religious and moral sug- gfstions, is remarkable, though in such short