paralleled victories of the Israelites (Gn 35', Dt 32«, Jos 2", Ps 44»- •). G. E. Post.
HORONAIM(c:j\-ih, D'j'^h, perh. 'the two hollows'). — A city of Moab, whose site has not been recovered with certainty. It is mentioned in Is 15°, Jer 48* (in both ' the way to H.,' 'n Ti'^) 48° ('the descent of H.,' 'n -i-ite) 48". Also on the Moabite Stone (11. 31, 32) it occurs as |j-iin, i.e. prob. [rin fforonen : ' Chemosh said unto nie. Go down, fight against yorondn ; and I went down.' The language here, comiiared with that of Jer 48°, has led some to find its site to the south of the Arnon, at soma inconspicuous ruins mentioned by de Luynes in the neighbourhood of the Wady ed-Derd 'a (see Buhl, GAP2-,-2l.).
In Jos 10'"- " the LXX 'dpurelv implies a reading D'jin, which ought prob. to be read also in 2 S 13" (see Well, and Driver, ad loc). In these pas- sages, of course, the reference is to the two Beth- horons. J. A. Selbie.
HORONITE Cnhn, i 'Kpavei, Neh 2"'- '» 13^).— A title given to Sanballat, the opponent of Nehemiah. The name probably denotes an inhabitant of Beth- horon, a town on the borders of Ephraim, about 18 miles N.W. of Jerus. (Jos 10'" 16'° etc.). Soma .scholars (so Gesen.) have derived the title from Horonaim, a town in S. Moab (Is 15°, Jer 48'- °-*'), pointing to the close connexion of Sanballat with Tobiah the Ammonite ; but see Neh 4^
H. A. White.
HORROR has greatly strengthened its meaning since it came into the Eng. language. The Lat. word horror (from horrere, to stand on end) is used primarily of the bristling of hair, etc., and secondarily of the fear which causes tlie hair to stand on end. Now the meaning is expressed thus : ' Horror is that very strong and jiaiiiful emotion which is excited bjy the view or coiitumjda- tion of .sonietliing peculiarly atrocious in the con- duct of another ; by some vice which exceeds the usual extravagance of vice ; enormities that sur- pass the bounds of common de])ravity.' This intensit}" of meaning has been gained giadually. Even in AV of 1611 ' horror ' means no more than 'dread.' It occurs in Gn 15'- 'An horror of great darkness fell upon him ' (nSi: r.^vn n^'x ' a terror, a great darkness'); Ps 55° ll*'", Ezk 7'*, 2 Mac 3" ' l*"or the man was so compassed witli fear and horror of the body ' ((pptKaanU, \l\ ' a sliuddering '). Cf. Melvill, Diary, p. 144 'Ther was na thing behind bot bitter teares and heavie lamentation, partlie for the present lose, bot mikle mair for the esteat that was till ensew upon the Kirk, quhilk everie an apprehendit in graitter and giaitter missour of horrour and feirfulness.' Bp. Hall, sjjeaking of the angel's visit to Zacharias ( Wvr/cs, ii. 3), says, 'It was the weaknesse of him that served at tlie Altar without horror, to be daunted with the face of his fellow servant.'
Horrible is that which causes great fear : Ps II* 'Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire, and brimstone, and an horrible tempest ' (niEV^' Cii RV 'burning wind'; King 'scorching blast'), 40- ' He brought me up also out of an horrible pit' (pn;' ii2p, AVm 'a pit of noise,' RVm 'a jiit ol tumult or destruction,' LXX ^k XAkkov TaXaiwuipias, BO Vulg. ' de lacu miseritc,' and Dou. ' the lake of misery ') ; Jer 5» 18'» 23'S Hos 6'» (all ' a horrible thing' = 'a thing to be dreaded'); 2 Es 11" 15'« (both'horribilis'), IS^Chorridus'); Wis3'''(xaX£7r(i!, Vulg. 'dirus'),8'°(0piKT6!, Vulg. ' horrendus'), 11" ' .shooting horrible sparkles out of tlieir eyes ' (ofiroi>s ainfOijpas, Vulg. ' horrendas .scintillas'), 16° 'hor- rible fierceness' (5eii/6s Bvti.6!, Vulg. ' saeva iia'), 17° ' that horrible night' (tt)!" ffTtryvrii' iKelvr]v vvxra, Vulg. * illam noctem horrendam '), 18" ' visions c*
HORSE
HOKSE
417
horrible dreams' (<pai'Taalai ivelpuv ieivijv, Vulg. ' visus soiiiiiiorum raalorum '), 19" ' compassed about with horrible great darkness ' (dxa>'" <"tA"', Viiljj. ' subitanuis tenebris '). In eveiy case the word means ' to be dreaded,' ' dreadful ' ; the ele- ment of loathing does not enter.
And 80 with horribly, Jer 2'=, Ezk 32" 'be horrililj- afraid ' ; Wis 6' ' Horribly and speedily shall he come uijon you ' (^pucTui, Vulg. ' horrende '). Cf. He W- Khem. ' It is horrible t<j fal into the handes of the living God ' ; and Uefoe, Crusoe, p. 5".Hi, ' Never Tyrant, for such I acknowledged my- sell to be, was ever so universally beloved, and yet so horribly feared by his subjects.'
J. Ha.stinqs.
HORSE, — Four Heb. words are used ior Jiurse, and one, or perhaps two, for m'ire. 1. t;¥ 'ahhir. Tliia word means strong or valiant, and is ajiplied metaphorically to the h. (.ler 8'" AV, KV ' neTghing of his strong ones '), 47' ' the stamping of the hoofs of his strong liorse.s' (KV 'of his strong ones'), 50" ' bellow as bulls' (AVm 'neigh as steeds,' KV ' neigh as strong horses').
2. Bf-ip p&rdsh. The orig. signification of this word is horseman or cavalier (cf. Arab. fUris), as distinguished from the rider of an ass or a camel. It signifies, secondarily, a ruling horse, such as is used in war. In this sense it corresponds to the Arab, faras, which, however, is generic for all liorses. The reason why the Hebrews designated hy pUnish only cavalry mounts is that civilians did not use horses for i idiiig. Only two clear instances are given in l)T of any person, not of military rank, riding a horse, — tliat of Mordecai (Est G'-'- '"), who rode the king's liorse (cbd, not !?"!?) as a special honour ; and that of the ' posts on horseback, riding on swift steeds' (cc'd Est 8'°). In the obscure passage (Is 28^'), so dillerently tr'' in AV and KV. it is not certain whetlier the horses (vynr) were harnessed to the cart, or ridden or driven. When the peaceful mission of Christ is announced (Zee 9°), altliough he is heralded as a king, it is said that ' he is just, and victorious (lit. .saved) ; lowly, and riding upon an ass,' i.e. is not like military conquerors, who ride horses. Then to illustrate the cliaracter of this reign it is said (v.'"), ' I will cut oil' the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse {stU) from .lerus. ,' i.e. where all is peace the horse is not needed any more than the chariot (see Ass). It is easy in many cases to determine from the context whether ptirdsh is to be tr^ horse or horseman. Thus 'twelve thousand /)(5/-i(i7iiHi' (1 K 4*) plainly refers to cavalry horses as distinguislied from rhariot horses, and not to ' horsemen,' as in AV and KV. It is clear that the people of the house of ToL^armah (Ezk 2"''') traded, not in ' horsemen,' as in AV, but in cavalry horses, ' war horses,' KV. It is the ' war horses' tliat run (KVm .11 2*), not the ' horsemen ' (text A V, KV). In the pursuit of Saul ' the chariots and the horsemen (□';?■;? 'Sl'S, owners of horses) fol- lowed hard after him ' (2 S 1"). t)n the other hand, piirAsh (2 8 S', .ler 4'-*) cjin refer only to the ' horse- men.' The ' pitrilsh' (Nah ;V) who ' lifteth up,' KV 'mounting,' niarg. 'charging,' must be the horse- man. Sometimes neither the hi^rse nor his rider seems specially designated, and in these cases pdrtUh corresponds to cavalry ( Ex 14*- "• "• "'• '"• '^, Hab 1'). In other eases /id ni.vA will ajiply to cither the horse or his rider. 'I hus (1 S S") v;";;^) may lie ' for his war horses,' as has just before Iwcn said ' for his chariots,' or 'to be his horsemen,' as in text .A V, KV ; and C"»^5 i-'s (Is 21') may mean a ' couple of horsemen,' or a /lair of horses, or 'horsemen in pairs,' or a ' pair of horsemen,' or horses in pairs (cf. AV with KV text and marg. ).