JACUBUS
JAEL
537
sionary in NaUus, PEFSt, 1897, p. 67 ; cf. also pp. lli), 196).* If the same were true in our Lord's tune, apart altogetlier from the sacreU associations which would lend it special attractions, it would be eufficient to account for the presence of the woman there, even if her home were on the lip of the rushing stream at 'Asknr.
LriEBATUKr.— Robinson, J?/i/'- li. 285f. ; Thomson, Land ond Book, ii. U6-1S1 ; O. A. Smith, UCUL pp. 367-37.5 ; /*£'/■' ilem.W.: Conder, Ttnt-Work i?i PaUnliiir, pp. 15, 38; Baedeker, Palestine and Syria, ed. 1804, pp. 21a. Jltl; Sarralive o/ a Migtnim of Inqitirxi to the Jews, p. -1'-; Stanley, Sinai and Palestine i p. 241 ; ilxpot. Times, March 1694, p. !)7 t.
W. EWINO.
JACUBUS (A 'IdKovfiot, B 'lopffoi'jSooj), 1 Es 9*8.— In Neh H' Akkub.
JADA (jn;, perhaps 'the knowing one'). — A Jerahmeelite, 1 Ch 2^*". See Genealogy.
JADDUA (V'T.).— 1, One of those who sealed the covenant, Neh 10-' [Heb. -■^]. 2. A liigh priest, the tliird in descent from Kli.ashiii, tlie contem- porary of Nehemiah, Neh 12"- ~. Tlie latter verse seems to make him contemporary with Darius the I'ersian, i.e. Darius HI. Codomannus, and he is doubtless the Jaddua who is named by .Josophus in connexion with Ale.xander the Great (Jos. Ant. XI. viii. 5, cf. vii. 2, viii. 7). See Genealogy.
H. A. White.
JADDUS (B "iaSSoit, A 'lodSoif, AV Addus), 1 Es 5^. — A priest whose descendants were unable to trace their genealogy at the time of the return under Zerub., and were removed from the priest- hood. He is there said to have married Augia, a daughter of Zorzelleus or Barzillai, and to have been called after his name. In Ezr •2"', Neh 7" he JB called by his adopted name Barzillai ; his original name Jaddus, and the name of his wife An^a, appear only in 1 Es. See Barzillai, No. 1. H. St. J. Thackeray.
JADON (I'll:, Eiapdav, 'laepdv, 'lapl, 'lapl/i, 'AopwK ; ABx omit : Neh 3'). — A Meronothite, who in com- pany with the men of Gibeiin and of Mizpah took part in rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem. The title Meronothite occurs again 1 Ch 27*', but a place ^]eronoth is nowhere named. According to Jos. Ant. VIII. N-iii. 5, ix. 1, J. was the name of the man of God sent from Judah to Jeroboam (1 K 13). This trmlition probably rests upon the identification of this prophet with IDDO the seer (which see).
H. A. White.
JAEL (H'; 'mountain-goat'; see on the name, Gray, Neb. Prop. Name.i, 90) is remembered on account of one famous episode in her life, of which we have two not altogether consistent accounts — one in prose (Jg 4*--), the other in poetry (Jg 5^"''). SVe shall first examine the latter, as undoubtedly the earlier version, and then consider the addi- tional information supplied by tlie prose narrative.
From the Song of Deborah we learn that Deborah, a prophetess, and Barak, determined to free their countrymen from the tyranny of the kings of Canaan (5'"), which .seonis to have been especially felt by the tribe of Usachar (v.">). The leader of these kings wa.s Sisoia, and against his army the tribes of Epbraim, Benjamin, Manasseh (v."), Issachar (v."), Zubulun, and Naphtali sent troops, the latter two tribes being especially active (v."). The decisive battle was fought ' in Toanbcb by the waters of Megiddo' (v."), where a ereat storm came on and ' the stjira in their courses fought against Kisera' (v.*). The defeated leader escaped, and is described (v.*') as luiking for hospi- tality from Jael, ' the wife of HcIk-t the Kenite' (v.-*). She gave the thirsty man to drink of the milk which would naturally be found in the tent of a noma<l chieftain, and then ' she put her hand • Tlio letUT la quot«d In HGIIL' p. 070.
to the peg (in;), and her ri"ht hand to the work- men's hammer ; and with uie hammer she smote Sisera, she smote through his bead, yea, sh» pierced and struck through his temples. At hel teet he bowed, he fell, he lay ; where he bowed, there he fell down dead ' (vv.-*- -''). For this exploit she is described in Deborah's triumphal ode as ' blessed above women.'
The first question to determine is, by what instrument and in what fashion is Jael here re|>re- sented as having slain Sisera? Most modem critics (Cooke, Moore, Builde, etc.) hold that the words of vv.^-'' indicate that Sisera was struck down as he was in the act of drinking, .lael dealing him a sudden blow, much as Saladin slew the treacherous knight in Scott's 'I'alisnmn. .\nd .some identify the ' peg' with the handle of the ' workmen's hammer' mentioned in the i)aiallel clause of v.^. Thus W. It. Smith held that Jael's act was ' not the murder of a sleeping man, but the use of a daring stratagem. But (he word "jieg" suggested a tent- peg, and so the later prose story took it, ani thereby misunderstood the whole thing' (OTJC^ 132). But it is extremely doubtful whether itr can mean anything but a 'tent-pin' (Ex 27'^) or 'peg' (Is22'-", Ezk 15'); and, further, the meaning of the verbs pc" (oir. ,\e7.) and ■)'?.7 (see Job 2il^^) is too uncertain to entitle us to assert that there is here no hint of pinrcinq, as contrasted with rrush ing, Sisera's skull. The truth is that vv."- -'' of eh. 5 are too obscure to admit of dogmati.sm as to their meaning ; and it is by no means clear that they were misunderstood liy the WTiter of the later pro.se narrative (4'~), whose account is: 'Jael took a tent-pin (ir;), and took an hammer in her hand, and went softly unto him, and smote the pin into his temples, and it pierced through into the ground ; for he was in a tieep sleep : so he swooned and died.'