G. A. Cooke. JEROHAM ("T).— 1. The father of Elkanah and grandfather of Samuel, 1 S 1'. WhUe LXX A has 'Ifpod^, B h;us 'lE/3€/ifij\, i.e. Jerahmeel, and the latter may be correct (Driver, Text of Sam. p. 3). In the genealogy of Samuel as given bj' the Chronicler, while MT has uniformly cnr, the LXX has in 1 Ch (i-'' A 'Upo^odfi., B 'ISa^p, and in G** A 'lepfd/j., B 'HadX. 2. A Benjamite family name, 1 Ch 8" 9». 3. A priestly family, 1 Ch 9'-, Neb 11". 4. 'Sons of J eroham' were amongst David's heroes, 1 Ch 12'. 5. A Danite chief, 1 Ch 27=". 6. The father of Azariah, a captain who bellied Jehoiada in his measures for the overthrow of Atlialiah, 2 Ch 23'.
JERUBBAAL (^I'S";;, 'Ap^SdaX, 'lap^dX, 'Ifapo^daX, 'Ifpo/3daX). — A name given to Gideon, .Jg G^- 7' 8^- " 91. 2. ». 16. 19. ii a, 67. It i9= ' Baal strives,' Baal being a name for J", as in Ishbaal, Meribbmil ; it cannot = 'one who strives %vith Bojil,' as Jg 6^ would suggest (LXX 5iKo<m)p(oi' toC B. ). Perliaps Jerub- baal should be written Jerubaal (''M";; from .tv not 31) = ' Baal, i.e. J", founds,' cif. Jeruel" Jeremiah: so Wellh., Bodde, Moore. This name was altered to Jerubbeshcth (ny;-;;; — ics/ieth= ' shame ') when Bmil could no longer be used of J" without oll'ence, 2S 11-' (LXX 'Ifpo^od/i i!o5 Xi)p, Luc. 'ffpo,3odX) ; cf. Ishboshetli, Mepiiibosheth. See
art. Gideon. g. A. Cooke.
JERUBBESHETH.— See Jkrubbaal.
JERUEL(Vxn; 'founded of El').— That part of the wilderness of Judica facini; tlio W. shore of the Dead Sea below En-gedi(see En-oeI)1). It was here, according to the narrative of 2 Ch "iO", that in the time of Jelioslmphat there assembled agreat host of tile chililren of .Moab, Amnion, and other trnns-.Iordanic tribes, who had swept across the plain at the S. of the Dead Sea, and were en- cam|ied at the foot of (he lofty dill's of Ziz (or Uiiziz). Tliis spot was near the mouth of one o(
D84
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
the deep ravines which descend from the table- land, along whose bed the stream, fed by perennial siirin^'s, would be available for the use of the host. The same locality was the scene of several memor- able events in OT history (Gn 14', 1 S 24'-*).
E. Hull. JERUSALEM (usually c'-yhT, but c-^yn- in Est -y, Jer -Jti'", 1 Ch 3», 2 Ch 25' 32»; LXX 'UpovaaMi^, which occurs also in NT side by side with 'Itpo-
I. The Names.
U. Natural Site. Ui. History. Iv. Toi>oj,'raphy.
T. Antii|uitte9. Ti. The Temple RnclOTOI*. vii. Modern Jerusalem. Tiii. Lit«ratur«.
I. Names. — The name Jems, first occars in Jos (10' lo"; when the inhabitants are called Jebusites, cf. Jg IS'", 2 S 5"). Various trs. of the name have been proi)osed, some depending on the later and longer form, and on its pointing as if a dual ; but these discussions are superseded by the discovery of letters from an early ruler of Jems. (Tel el- Amama collection), which show not only that the name existed before the Heb. conquest of Pal., but al.<o that its meaning (as sjielt U-ru-sa-lim and URU-sa-lim) is 'city of Salim,' or 'city of peace,' which agrees with the rendering by Gese- nius, 'abode of peace.' The suggestion of Sayce (Academy, 7th Feb. 1891, HCM 177, EHH 28) that Salim is the name of a deity is unsupported : the sign for deity is not used as a prefix to the name, and the word Sn-lim is elsewhere found in tlie Tel el-Amama letters with the meaning of ' peace.' * It is by no means improbable that the Jewish tradition, which places the Salem (properly Shalem) of Melchizedek at Jerus. (Gn 14'^ see Jos. Ant. I. X. 2; Wars, VI. x. 1), and the King's Vale (Gn 14", Joa. Ant. VIL xi. 3) two furlongs distant, may be correct ; and the monumental spelling favours the view that the city may have been first called Salem only ; but it is not doubt- ful that it was called Jerus. as early as the time of Joshua. It may also have been called Jebus (but see Moore on Jg lO'"-", cf. the Jebusite, Jos 18^). In Ps 76- we read, ' In Salem was his covert (see Jer25'*), and his lair (fig. of livn) in Zion.' The explanation in the Mishna (Zehahim xiv. 8), which connects Salem with Shiloh, together with other suggestions (see Midrash Bereshitk Rabba, ch. 89), are too fanciful to need notice. In the Talm. the later and longer form of the name Jerusalem is used, and the city is also called Beth 'Olnmim (c'D'jiy n-3) ' the house of Ages ' (Tosephta, Tohoruth, ch. 1).
The Roman name, given by Hadrian after A.D. 135 to the restored city, was .Elia Capitolina, and this appeared on coins of the early Khalifs of Damascus in the Arab, form Ailin. Its survival to the 10th cent, is noticed by Eutychius, and it was known to Jerome, and appears in the lists of Synods as late as A.D. 536. This name was derived from that of ^-Elius Hadrianus himself, combined ■with that of Jupiter Capitolinus, whose statue Hadrian erected on the ruined site of the Temple. In the 10th to 13th cents, the city was called Beit el-Miihaddas, 'The Holy House' (see Sam. Chronicle, el-Mukaddasi, and el-Edrisi). The modem name is el-Kuds esh-Sherif, 'The holy (city), the noble (town),' and in common speech el-Knds only. On some of the HasmoniEan coins the longer spelling of the name Jerusalem occurs. The native Christians, as well as the Jews, still use the old name in the Arab, form Yenisalim.