Justin (xxxvi. iii. 6) and Pausanias (v. vii. 4) call it 6i.\a(Taa. ii vcKpd, ' the Dead Sea.'
' As the Jordan in the time of harvest' (Sir 24* ; Aristeas, Epist. ad Philocratem).
Josephus, BJ IV. vii. 6, speaks of 'A^iXa, 'lovXiit (Julias), B7)<ri/«i, near the lake Asphaltitis.
In the LXX (B) of Jos 13-' the name Beth-nimrah is given as BaiSai-o/Spd, and the LXX (A) of Jos 13" gives Bt^Si/ujd'S for Beth-jesimoth.
LlTKRATURB. — SWPi. ii. iii., 'Flora and Fauna, Geology'* BRP^ i. ii. iii. (Index) ; Tristram, Land of Israel ; Journal PaL Qeog. Soc. xviii. 104, 1848 ; Molyneux, Narrative aixd Ojficial
JORIBUS
JOSEPH
7C7
Reportg; Lynch, Narrative and Official RiTJOrts; Neubauer, e^07. du Talm. 299.; O. A. Smith, ff&'i/L (Iridtx).
C. Wakren.
JORIBUS Cl^i/Sot).— 1. (AV Joribas) 1 Es 8" (" LXX)=Jarib, Ezr8". 2. lE3 9>»=JAUiii, Ezr 10".
JORIM Clwpeln)- — An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 3*".
JORKEAM (DVPi;).— A Judabite famUy name, 1 Ch S". Kittel (in SBOT) suggests timt we should perhaps read D^-p; (Jokdeam), tlie name of an un- identitied place in the Negeb of Judah, Jos 15°°.
JOSABDUS ("IwffaiSf^s B, 'luad^Sos A), 1 Es 8"=
JOZAHAD, No. 6.
JOSAPHIAS (Twcra^fas), 1 Es 8". — In Ezr 8" JosirillAll (wh. see).
JOSECH CIoxTTix WH, 'luffT)^ TR, AV Joseph).— An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 3-*.
JOSEDEK — See Jehozadak.
JOSEPH OpS', 'luffTJ^).— 1. The patriarch. See next article, where also the meaning of the name is discussed. 2. A man of Issachar, Nu 13'. 3. A son of Asaph, 1 Ch 23'-'. 4, One of the sons of Bani who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10'", called in 1 Es 9^ Josephus. 5. A priest, Neh 12". 6. An ancestor of Judith, Jth 8'. 7. An officer of Judas Maccaba-us. Along with Azarias he was defeated by Gorgias, 1 Mac 5'" '«•«". 8. In '2 Mac 8^, and probablj- also 10'", Joseph is read by mis- take for John, one of the brothers of Judas Maccaba!us. 9. 10. Ancestors of our Lord, Lk 3'ii.so 11. The husband of Mary the mother of Jesus. See scp. article. 12. One of the brethren of the Lord, Mt i:!» (UV, following WH ; in Mt 27'", Mk (i' IS™-", both AV and RV have Joscs). 13. Joseph of Arimatluva (wh. see). 14. Joseph li.irsabb.os (wh. see), Ac 1'^. 15. The natal name of liamaba.8 (wh. see), Ac 4" (AV Joses).
JOSEPH (^^v, in Ps 81« r''"; ' ^lay [God] add ' ; cf. (in 30").* — The second youngest son of the p.atriarch Jacob, Uaohers firstborn, ami ancestor of the two northern tribes Manasseh and Kphraim.
Sources. — The history of .losi'ph is containuil in On 30'^ (E), •-■• (.() ; and" in (In 37. 39-50. In tlie.se chapters the body of the narrative is derived from J and E, the parts wbidi belong to P being only
3'J1-J» 4148 4(;«-« 4-S-Cta. 7-11. »7b-a> 4g3-« 49''. 2»li-33 50"''.
The Htnictiire of JE, in the parU) where the distinction of •ourccM iH most important, will ap])car moat clearly from the following table ; — (J 37J1 x-ar »>• ii-M 891
■Je sr^» (to bread) "•(topif) »•» »•
■JE40J 41'-" |««<21«y 4&J-495"
(J 4713 »r. (to Ootlifn) ^3i,
•JE 47"
• The wonla, ' And they lold Jo«c|ih to the Ishnuielite* for 20 piece« of silver.'
t Kxcipl in v.i the wonl« ' Potiph»r, an officer of Pharaoh'a, the aipUiin of the (juard.'
t Kxi-ept v.n 'into the prison, the plaw where Joseph wa» bound'; v.* 'The butler and the bakt-r of the kinj; of Ki;yi»t. which were bound in the prinon' ; v.isi' ' An<i here also have 1 done nothing;, that they should have put me into the dungeon.'
(Except vM 'And' they brought him baatily out of the duiik'con.'
II Except vv.»' ■^.
t Kxc(-|)t 4:t'4 (on account of the alltislnn to SimconX and 4S*"» ' And he hroutrht Simeon out unto them.'
•• Except 454i» 'whom ye sold unto Etrynt,' * 'that ye sold me hither,' Id* ' and thou shalt dwelt hi tlto land of tjoahen,' with iicrhaiis one or two unimportant clausca elsewhere.
ft From ' in ths lantl of (loshcn.'
* In 3033, from another source (E), a dilTcrent etymology ta ^ven, ai though the word were connected with •]t>f 'o 'aJct ttmy.
For the grounds of this unalvsis, reference must be made tc the Comms.. or, more brieHy. to LOT p. 16t. («171T.X The history 01 Joseph must have t>een told at length in J and E alike, in sub^jtantiully the same form in both, but with occa- sional variations in details ; and the method mostly followed by the compiler, esp. in chs. 39-47, has been to excerpt lont,' pas.sages from J and E alternately, and at the same time to incorporate in each short notices cuibod^nnc: the characteristic differences of the other. It may assist the reader to place here a synopsis of the principal difTerences l)etween the two narratives. According to J, Joseph, when his brethren plot to kill him, is rescued by Ju<lah, and then sold by his brethren to Ishmoelites, who in their turn sell him to an Ej^yptian of position, whose name is not (riven ; after the charge" brought against him by his master's wife, he is throu-n into the state- prison ; and the keeper of this makes him overseer of the other prisoners. In the sequel, the brethren only tell Joseph about their younger brother in answer to his inquiry (43^ 44i») ; nothing is said about Simeon being detained as a' hostage in Egypt ; the brethren open their sacks and discover the money in them, at the Iodgiii]_'-pIace by the way ; Judah offers to be surety to his father for Benjamin's return ; and Goshen is naine<l as the district allotted to Jacob and his sons. According to E, Josejih is rescued from his other brethren by Jieuteit, and thrown into a jiit, from wtiich he is drawn up by i/ idianitfg without his brothers' knowledge : he is sold by them to J^oti- phar, captain of the guard, who appoints hira to wait on the prisoners confined in liis house : the brethren, when taxed with being spies, volunteer the information about their younger brother (421^ 3*^); Simeon is left in Egypt as a hostage; the brethren open their sacks at the end of their Journey home ; Reuberi oITers to be surety for Berij.amin's return ; and there is no mention of Goshen.* Thus, while both versions tiring Joseph into relation with a prison, he is a prisoner himself only in J ; in E he is merely appointed to wait on the prisoners : further, while in J the keeper of the prison (who is distinct from Joseph's m.ister, 8920. 21) commits the other prisoners into his charge, in K his own master, the 'captain of the guard' (li".*** 40**- 4), appoints him to wait upon the )>risoners. In the existing (composite) narrative the two versions are harmonized (lliontih imperfectly) by Potipliar being represented as tmth Joseph's master and aUo 'captain of the guard.'