B. The next code which has to be considered is that of Deuteronomy. From a literary point of view, Deuteronomy (disregarding the few short passages belonging to P, and the two poems in chs. 32. 38) consists of a code of laws accompanied by hortatory introductions and comments. Here we are concerned only with the laws as such. A comparison of the laws embodied in Dt with those of the ‘ Book of the Covenant’ at once shows that they are designed for a community living under more fully developed social conditions. Dt, speak- ing generally, may be described as a revised and enlarged edition of the Book of the Covenant, adapted to the requirements of a later age. With the exception of the compensations to be paid for various injuries (Ex 21)8-22)), nearly all the pro- visions of Ex 20*-23% are included in it; and there are in addition many entirely new ones. A complete tabular synopsis of the two codes will be found above (vol. i. p. 600 f.) ; here, therefore, it will be sufficient to give a brief outline of the Deut. Code, and to make some general remarks on thie Deuteronomic changes and additions.
Outline of laws in Deuteronomy :—
i. Religious Observances:
1. Law of single sanctuary 1:!1-23 (burnt-offerings, sacri- fices [i.e. peace-offerings], tithes, ‘heave-offerings’ {firstfruits, and other offerings from the produce of the soil], vows, freewill offerings, and firstlings, all to be offered at the central sanctuary : blood not to be eaten).
2 Laws against the worship of ‘ other gods’ 1229-1318,
8. Sanctity of the laity 141-21 (person not to be disfigured in mourning 1417. 5 law of clean and unclean animals 148-20; flesh of animals dying of themselves not to be eaten 1421),
& Laws tending to ameliorate the condition of the poor 1422-1518 (disposition of the charitable tithe 1422-29; relief secured to debtors every seventh year 161-11; law of slavery 1512-13),
δ. Offerings and festivals (firstling males to be offered te
LAW (ΙΝ OLD TESTAMENT)
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J” 1519-23; regulations respecting the observance of the three annual pilgrimages 161-17), " The Ojjice-bearers of the Theocracy : τ, Judges, 1615-20 (to be appointed in all cities ; and to be strictly impartial in judgment).
(1621 asherahs and ‘pillars’ prohibited ; 171 sacri- fices to be without blemish ; 1727 an Israelite, convicted of idolatry, to be stoned to death).
2, The supreme central tribunal 17813,
8. The king 171420,
4. Priests 1818,
δ. The Prophet 189-22 (y.10f against different forms of magic and divination).
ἘΔ, Criminal Law}:
1. Manslaughter and murder 191-18 211-9 (cities of refuge 191-13 ; symbolical rite of expiation for an untraced murder 211-9),
2. Law of the landmark 1914,
8. Law of witness 1915-21,
(Four laws designed to secure self-control and for- bearance in the conduct of war, c. 20. 2110-14),
lv. Miscetlaneous Laws, relating chia to Civil and Domestic Wfe.—2115-25* eg. primogeniture 2115-17; treatment of un- dutiful son 2118-21; lost cattle or other property to be restored to its owner (based on Ex 234f) 221-4; law of ‘tassels’ 2212; slander against a newly-married maiden 221321; adultery 2222 ; seduction 2223-29; prohibition of marriage with ΒΕ ΙΒ ὙΠΟ Hey 2280; usury (interest) 9919. 20; yows 2321-23; divorce 2414; man- stealing 247 (based on Ex 2116); leprosy 248-9; pledges 246. 10-13 ; family of a criminal not to be punished with him 2416; ex- cessive severity in punishment forbidden 2513; Levirate- marriage 255-10; just weights and measures 2513-16,
Note also the moral and religious duties which form the sub- ject of the imprecations in 275 (all with parallels in JE, H, or Dt; see Driver, Deut. p. 299).
This outline will suttice to give an idea of the
eater variety of subjects included in the Code of
t as compared with that of JE, as also of the greater detail in which they are mostly treated. The organization of society is more complex ; and institutions at once more numerous and more varied are needed to regulate it. The followin are the principal changes in the laws repeate from JE. In Ex 917 a daughter sold by her father into slavery does not go free in the 7th year: in Dt 1513.17 she does; since the law of Ex was formulated, society has advanced ; a father’s power over his daughter is less absolute than it once was, and it is no longer usual for a Hebrew girl to be Sought to be the wife of her master or his son. In Ex 9113 the asylum for manslaughter is J”s altar : in Dt 19 six cities are set apart for the purpose. In Ex 2915: seduction is treated among cases of injury to property ; in Dt (22°) it appears among laws of moral purity. In Ex 22° firstlings are to be offered on tlie 8th day from birth; in Dt 15” they are to be presented annually—a change ren- dered necessary by the substitution of a single central place of sacrifice for the local altars. In Ex 23! the sabbatical year is essentially one of rest for the soil, in Dt 15'® the institution is so applied as simply to form a check on the power of the creditor.
In other cases, the principle of the older law is merely extended, or fresh definitions are added. Thus Dt 13 and 1757 may be regarded as expan- sions, with reference to particular cases, of the brief law against idolatry contained in Ex 22”; 1017 as compared with Ex 23%", adds fresh regulations for the observance of the three annual Pilgrimages ; 18! (against divination and magic) extends the principle of Ex 9915 (sorceress alone) to other analogous cases ; 19!°-*! (the law of witness) is a development, with special provisions, of the general principle of Ex 23!; 228 extends the prin- ciple of Ex 23* to other cases of lost property as 248-10-18 (pledges) does that of Ex 22°68; 228-29 (seduction) particularizes with greater precision than Ex 22!* the cases which might arise. There are also instances in which the older law is repeated without further modification than that of form, as 16) (Ex 23% 8), 9319. (Ex 22%), 247 (Ex 2116).