PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 1
ae ah Ur eee Ms os σῦς ͵ δ ς NF NU Ne . A — ne fe eS a a ee ᾿ ΗΝ Ἔ ΟΊ ἽἘἙΞΕ. - Ῥ ee are ate teen ---ῆ-- ἷ : - ἝΝ...» - —— ‘ ‘ ~ Soe yee ΄ χ' . ρὲ y y Ρ ΄ “Suet ---. ..οὄὌὄ \ Ν . ς ς ἊΝ -ς ~ = - ἼΞ otf ν f “oe —_ Ν , ΄ P 7 “- - ae 7 ba - ΄ ‘ ~ Ἂν ; i, = ~ ~. ~ Zn - ~ - ie ~ ς les “᾿ς rf "ς ΄ --- Ξ = - ΄ » ~- > ~ » »…
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SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION ARABIC. HEBREW. ἢ i : Ν b «- b 5 t (es) ys 5 th ey d 5 j E h = h Cc u, W 7] kh ct Ζ 5 | a 9 h n | dh S t 12) Τ 5 i, y 5) Ζ j k 5 | ee L sh ‘ee m a) 5 ω n 5 d 5 5 Ὁ t Ὁ : ἢ z Ὁ » Β ε Fa Σ » eh ξ k Ρ f es x ΞῚ kk Gd s, sh vv k oO t Dn 1 J m itd n ω h 5 u, W 3 1,y oS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Alex…
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between pages 424 and 425 Sacing page 697 AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL III ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A., Editor of the Jewish Quarterly Review, and Senior Tutor of the Jews’ College, London. Rev. WALTER F. ADENEY, M.A., Professor of New Testament Exegesis in New College, London. Ven. A. S. AGLEN, M.A., D.D., Archdeacon of S…
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Rev. SELAH MERRILL, D.D., LL.D., U.S. Consul at Jerusalem. Rev. JAMES MILLAR, M.A., B.D., New Cumnock. Rey. GEORGE MILLIGAN, M.A., B.D., Caputh, Perthshire. Rey. R. WAppy Moss, Professor of Classics in the Didsbury College, Manchester. Rev. WARREN JOSEPH MOouLTOoN, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Instructor in the Biblical and …
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DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE stirs up Koa‘ and Shoa’ against the mountain’ have, however, given up the paronomasia and corrected Kir to Koa‘ (yip), a nation mentioned together with Shoa’ in ΕΖ 23%; the Kutdé or Ki of the Assyrian inscriptions, a warlike nomadic tribe S.E. of eas chiefly on the banks of the modern rivers Di…
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A map of the town is given in de Sauley, La Mer Morte, 8, 20. LITERATURE.—Reland, Pal. 463, 553, 705; Bohaeddin, Vita Salad. ch, 25; Georgius Cyprius, ed. Gelzer, 53, 198 ; Quatre- mére, Hist. Sultans Mamiouks, ii. 236 ; Schultens, Index Geo- graphica, 8. ‘Caracha’; Robinson, BRP? ii. 167f.; Stanley, Sinai and Palesti…
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KIRIATHAIM (0:7797).—4. A town in a ‘plain’ (my) inhabited by the Emim at the time of Chedor- laomer’s campaign (Gn 14°), mentioned with Heshbon and Elealeh as built by Reuben (Nu 32°), also mentioned with Kedemoth and Mephaath, farther south, and with Beth-peor, Baal-meon, and Beth-jeshimoth (Jos 1318: 19. 30). It app…
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Robinson’s identification of Kiriath-jearim with Kuriet el-Enab or Abu Ghésh does not meet the requirements of Jg 18" and 1S 6. LirerRatURE.—The whole question of the site is fully discussed in SWP vol. iii. sheet xvii.; see also Henderson, Palestine (Index); G. A. Smith, HGHLZ 225f.; Moore, Judges, $98 f. ; Dillmann…
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KISHON (ji? ὅπ; B ὁ χειμάῤῥους Κεισών, other forms Κισών, Kiodv).—This is the ancient name of the stream which drains almost the whole of the great plain of Esdraelon and the surrounding uplands. All the waters from Tabor and the azareth hills, which reach the plain eastward of a line drawn from J/ksd/ to Nain, togeth…
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Kishon again figures in the narrative of Elijah’s encounter with the false prophets (1 K 18"), The scene of this famous contest is, with tolerable certainty, located at el-Mahrakah, ‘the place of burnt sacrifice,’ a rocky plateau at the eastern end of the Carmel range. ‘Thence the doomed men were led down for slaughter…
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6. Finally must be mentioned the kiss as a token of love between the sexes, naturally seldom men- tioned even in OT (Ca 15, and in a bad sense Pr 7"), and, as might be expected, not at all in NT. A. GRIEVE. KITE.—There are two passages in AV (Ly 11", Dt 14'5)+ where ‘kite’ occurs as the tr. of as’ ayydh. In another p…
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KITTIM KNEE, KNEEL trafficking in their wares far and near, they estab- lished colonies in several of the islands, and at poe along the coast convenient as depdts for neir foreign carrying trade. From its natural situation Cyprus must have early attracted their attention, and must soon have become their prin- cipal …
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Kneeling down to drink (from their hands) was the attitude adopted by a portion of Gideon’s warriors on the occasion of the famous test, Jg 7°-® (where see Moore’s note). One of the stages in the measurement of the depth of the river which Ezekiel saw issuing from the temple was that ‘ the waters were to the knees’ (Ez…
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KNOWLEDGE 2. In our EV ‘knops’ is also the translation of an entirely different word oyps, pék@im, of which the precise signification is still uncertain It is used to describe the ornamentation on the cedar lining of the temple walls: ‘And there was cedar in the house within, carved with knops (marg. ‘ gourds’) and op…
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ii. In the NT it will be convenient to take the different sections apart. (a) In the Gospels Christ appears first in the character of a teacher, moved with compassion for a people left without the knowledge of God, excluded from His kingdom because the key of knowledge—i.e. knowledge itself, the key which should open t…
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18 | of their hearts enlightened to know what is ‘ the 10 KNOWLEDGE hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glo of his inheritance in the saints’ (Eph 118), ae inward illumination indeed is the aim of the letters ; they can be summed up (Weiss, Ν᾽ 7’heol. . 428) in the prayer ‘that the God of our Lord esus C…
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Ges. (’es.) defends the appellative sense prin- cipes; but his etymology, though ingenious, must be owned to be far-fetched and improbable. See, further, Schrader, KAT? ad loc.; and especially Delitzsch, Paradies, pp. 234-6; and ef. art. K1R in the present volume. S. R. DRIVER. KOHATH (n7p) is known to us only from P …
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KOHELETH.—See EccLeEsIASTEs. KOLAIAH (7p). — 14. The father of a false prophet named Ahab, Jer 29% [Gr. 3675 υἱὸν | Κουλιοῦ only in Q™8]. 2. The name of a Benjamite family which settled in Jerusalem after the Cap- tivity, Neh 117; B Koda, A Κωλειά. KONA (Κωνά, Jth 44).—So B calls an unknown town of Palestine. But δα…
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12 KORAH, DATHAN, ABIRAM KUSHATAH Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi,’ may well come from the hand of the redactor. But in any case it is clear enough that all his 250 followers were not Levites; a conclusion which is confirmed, if confirmation were necessary, by Nu 27%, where the daughters of Zelophehad plead…
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KORE.—4. (s7p) The eponym of a Korahite guild of door-keepers, 1 Ch 915. 2. (ΝΡ) Son of Immah, a Leyvite in the time of Hezekiah, 2 Ch 3119, KUSHAIAH.—See KisHL L L.—1. This symbol was proposed by de Lagarde (Genesis grace, 1868, p. 12) to denote the illumin- ated Purple Manuscript of the Greek Genesis at Vienna, on…
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LAADAH (7y5).—A Judahite, the ‘father’ of Mareshah, 1 Ch 44 (B Μαδάθ, A Λαδά). LABAN (j3>, AaSdv).—1. Son of Bethuel (Gn 28°), grandson of Nahor, Abraham’s brother (22% 93 24%, —in 29° ‘son’=grandson), and brother of Rebekah (2459; 25°°), uncle of Jacob on his mother’s side (27*; 28), and (after his marriage with Leah…
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**And hath also quite devoured our money,’ t.e, the pri paid for us by our husband, the gains accruing to Laban cet lacob’s 14 years’ service, some part of which he would, if generous, have naturally allowed his daughters. LACCUNUS His sister and daughters all show duplicity and acquisitiveness ; and Laban displays …
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an unsuccessful assault upon Jerus.; but, after | causing great loss of life among his fellow-citizens, he was driven an outcast to the land of the Am- monites, from there to the court of Aretas an Arabian prince, then into Egypt, and lastly to the L., in whose country he died a dishonoured exile. The reason of his ul…
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| a short season, in cuttings around its sides, arriving 16 LACHISH at conclusions which the present writer’s more ex- tended work, covering four seasons, modified, but did not materially alter. One-third of the mound being chosen, it was cut down, layer by layer, each layer representing a distinct occupation, until …
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Earle (Psalter of 1539, p. 267) points out that, in place of ‘lack’ of previous versions, AV often has ‘want.’ He quotes Ps 231 ‘therefore can I lack nothing’ in 1539, ‘I shall not want’ in 1611; Jg 1810,Lk 154. And he explains that the word ‘lack’ had in the meantime suffered depreciation from the use of it as a commo…
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A study of the locality together with the state- ment of Josephus (BJ If. x. 2) has convinced the present writer that the name Ladder of Tyre was not applied to either of these promontories alone. Speaking in succession of the mountains of Galilee and “armel, Josephus says that which the natives call the Ladder of the …
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LAISH (v*$).—4. The original name of the town of Dan (wh. see), Jg 187-147-292, The variation Leshem (wh. see) occurs in Jos 19*7%s, 2, The father of Palti or Paltiel, to whom Michal, David’s wife, was given by Saul, 1 S 254, 2S 315 LAISHAH (7:5), Is 10%—The name of a place connected with Gallim, and mentioned here al…
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LAKKUM (0:75, B Δωδάμ, A ἄκρου, Lue. Λακούμ). —A town οἵ Naphtali, Jos 19%. It is mentioned in the Onomasticon as Λακούμ, but the site has not been recovered. LAMA.—See Et, ἘΠῚ, LAMA SABACHTHANI. LAMB is used to render various Hebrew terms, of which the most frequent are the following: 1. &32 kebes, LXX ἀμνός, with i…
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There remains the oft-reeurring (twenty-seven times) symbol of the Book of Revelation, in which our Lord is figured as the ‘Lamb’ (note ἀρνίον throughout, not duvés), first introduced in 5° ‘as though it had been slain’ (ἀρνίον. . . ws ἐσφαγμένον). This is not the least striking of the points of con- tact—even though t…
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osition in which the Sept. translators found it, 1s held by some to be proved by the circumstance, noted by Néldeke, that the tr™ of the two books is not from the same hand, Jer being a compara- tively free rendering of the original, while Lamenta- tions is rigorously literal and marked by numerous Hebraisms. When the …
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ere an attractive model from which the author or authors might have worked, but they have not done so. Nay, so far from there being any traceable connexion between the different poems, it is no easy matter sometimes to discover con- necting links between the verses of the same poem. The truth is that the nature of the …
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LAMENTATIONS connexion with the last verse of Isaiah, Malachi, and Ecclesiastes. IV. AurHoRsHIP.—Both in Jewish and in Chris- tian cireles a tradition has long prevailed that the book was written by Jeremiah. We will examine— (a) The External Evidence. — While the Heb. Bible is silent as to the authorship of Lamenta…
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There are several passages which militate against Jer.’s authorship. La 2° (‘Her prophets find no vision from the LorD’) might almost be pronounced decisive. In this same verse, more- over, jij is used in a special sense which meets us for the first time in Ezk 12. A number of other instances are cited by Cornill (Hinl…
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eriod, during the prophet’s sojourn in Egypt. éhr formerly fixed upon 550 as an approximate date for the completion of the book. This would * Who assigns chs. 2 and 4 to an eye-witness (not Jeremiah) of the calamities they describe, dates chs. 1 and 5 (from diferent hands) about 530 (or later) and 550 respectively, w…
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Fie. 2. commonly used in the time of Christ, and is most probably the kind referred to in the parable of the Ten Virgins (Mt 95). They hold little oil, and would soon need replenishing. The peasants of Syria and Pal. use these lamps still, although petro- leum has in most places taken the place of olive oil for lighti…
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(c) The employment of other languages than these in the OT aes not exceed the quotation of isolated words and phrases, or calling attention to varieties of nomenclature. Besides the Aramaic equivalent for Gilead cited in Gn 31”, Egyptian is quoted ib. 413: 45. (JE), Moabite Dt 24, Ammonite ἐδ. v., Sidonian and Amorite …
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The line of investigation to be followed is the same as that applied by M. Pictet to the Indo- European languages, and which employs the assumption (called by M. Lenormant ‘the true principle’) that, where kindred nations which have separated call objects or institutions by the same names, and there are no signs of tho…
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“| 737 has the sense of Arab. haja, ‘to articulate,’ in several passages : Pr 87, Is 598. 13, ** It seems difficult to separate the word yw used with 83} Hos 97, 833nD Jer 9938 (cf. 2 K 911), from the Arab. sij, ‘rhymed prose,’ the traditional style of the Kahins. The Heb, 127 was compared by Meier with the Arab. hija…
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(c) As a third case of etymological writing, we may note the employment of the sign w to represent 8. This orthography is characteristic of the older forms of Hebrew, Phoenician, and Aramaic, falling gradually into disuse in all of them. Now we know that the words which in Hebrew are written with ἐσ almost invariably c…
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38 LANGUAGE OF THE OLD TEST. Arab. 25e; yew, Arab. pay; 15, Arab. 713), which san be paralleled from what has happened in other languages (¢.g. modern Armenian as compared with ancient). The Canaanitish language shows further considerable confusion of the gutturals: besides the tendency to pronounce ? for 3 (¢.g. 1p3 …
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It is not in our power to gauge the whilom wealth of the Hebrew language,* and far more of the copious Arabic vocabulary may have been retained by the Canaanites than is ordinarily supposed. Most of the books of the OT offer examples of hapax legomena that can be satis- factorily explained from the Arabic, whether in t…
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§See the Hebrew dictionaries, s.vv. JIN, WN, 928, ΝῚΣ, Jan, DOM, ph, a, ἈΝ), AN, 132, 3D, 52), 2, ΝΘ), 703, 5D, ΠΏ», PY, 7B, WS, Ws, wp, Pr, Pm, yer, nnw, 32”, 02, ypn. Specially interesting identifications are those of the Heb. o’np ‘men,’ agp>> (2 K 10%), niyndp (Ps 587). With the familiar Heb. 127 ‘he told,’ perhaps…
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There remain, however, a number of Canaanitish words which cannot be identified from any of the sources that have been enumerated. Several of these were probably tribal words of the com- munities that migrated northwards, and, though ancient and Semitic, never formed part of the old classical language ; while others ma…
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ronunciation,{] and set value on correct speech ; ** ut it is improbable that their power of judging this matter went beyond questions of intonation and accent: throughout the OT there is scarcely a grammatical term to be found ; and though several of the writers have a fondness for etymologizing,++ the cases in which…
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* eg. nbdap Jer 1510 (=mukallili-ni, Schultens); ὙΠῸ Job 45 (=minhu); 152 33ND7n. Apparently, the use of in and tm to form the plural was optional, see Mic 812 quoted in Jer 2018, From Jer 253 and Ezk 14% it might seem that the pre- formative of the 4th and 7th conjugation might be pronounced R&, Gideon, and several i…
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Were more of the historical parts of the Apoc- rypha preserved in their original language, it is srobable that it would chiefly differ from this New ebrew in the introduction of Greek words, such as are found in great numbers in the Mishna, but the occurrence of which in the later Hebrew of the OT as a characteristic …
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Whether it is possible to obtain any fixed lin- guistic epochs in the classical and ante-classical literature seems exceedingly doubtful. It is indeed possible to tell Aramaisms by phonetic rules ; but LANGUAGE OF THE OLD TEST. LANGUAGE OF THE OLD TEST. 33 as Aramaisms meet us in very early literature,—e.g. one of t…
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The separation of the sources and the fixing of the dates of the pieces composing the OT has been attempted with varying success by modern critics. Neither the earliest nor the latest verse in the OT can be named with certainty, but there is probably none either earlier than 1100, or later than 100 B.c. That the earlie…
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* Weiss in his Studien zur Mischnahsprache (in Hebrew), collects seme passages which, though of interest, lead to no defluite conclusion. acterized by a distinctly more modern idiom than that of Ezra; and, indeed, contain such decidedly Hebrew constructions that it is evident that either their author thought in that a…
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LANGUAGE OF THE APOCRYPHA.—The A poc- rypha may with fair accuracy be described as a collection of works emanating from Jewish com- munities in the period between the close of the OT Canon and the commencement of that of the NT. Most of these books seem to have been composed in Hebrew, a few in Aramaic, and the rest in…
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Of the post-biblical historical writing of the Jews occasional fragments are to be found in the Talmud, e.g. B. Kiddushin, f. 66a. The old forms are still retained, though the writer introduces without seruple vulgarismis of his own age. It is probable that the historical portions of the Apoc- rypha were in a style sim…
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known as the ‘Common Dialect’ (ἡ κοινή, se. διάλε- xros), a prominent abode of which for two centuries or more before the Christian era was the empire of the Ptolemies and their capital Alexandria. Here dwelt myriads of expatriated Jews, to whom in time their native or ancestral tongue became so unfamiliar that a Gr. t…
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These may serve as specimens of the difference between the vocabulary of the NT and that of the classie writers. But it must be remembered that our imperfect knowledge makes it impossible to say how many such words, apparently late, are merely old words reappearing after a period of disuse—a phenomenon often exemplifie…
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(B) But this brings to our attention the Gram- matical peculiarities which the language of the NT exhibits in common with later Greek. Pecu- liarities of this class, whether relating to form or to construction, are much less numerous than those which, agreeably to the general law of growth in language, affect its vocab…
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The popular striving after emphasis which ap- pears in many of these usages shows itself, further, in the use of the active voice with the reflexive pronoun instead of the middle ; of ἴδιος instead of the simple possessive pronoun; of εἷς for the in- definite τις, and, in general, a needless multiplica- LANGUAGE OF TH…
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express emphatic negation (He 45: 5, Mk 8!*).—A lax use of ἀποκρίνομαι (cf. 734) when no proper question has preceded.—poorl@nuc (ef. 923) with an infin. to express repetition (e.g. προσέθετο τρίτον πέμψαι Lk 2001) 12),A superfluous use of ὄνομα (Mt 1°, Lk 21; found in papyri as early as B.C. 260).—The repetition of a …
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(B) But the current Gr. of our Lord’s day had appropriated other foreign elements from the languages spoken in the various provinces of the empire. These, again, were chiefly names of local objects or usages. Among such are reckoned the following :---βαΐον, βίβλος (βύβλος), σίναπι, σινδών (yet ef. Ινδός, Sind), recogni…
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V. But the circumstance that the NT forms a body of literature having its own distinct linguistic peculiarities, must not make us overlook the fact that it contains within itself considerable diversities of language as well as of style. The uniqueness of the volume, and the practice of using it as the one authoritative…
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Jude, when its diminutive extent is considered, is quite as characteristic as James in its termin- ology. Such words and phrases as ἀποδιορίζω, ἅπταιστος, ἐκπορνεύω, ἐπαγωνίζομαι, ἐπαφρίζω, μεμψί- μοιρος, παρεισδύω, σπιλάς, φθινοπωρινός, πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος, θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα, sufficiently mark its individuality. …
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ways express purpose? What is the difference between εἴγε and εἴπερ Is διότι ever equivalent to the simple for? Is é ever tantamount to the interrogative why (Mk 9}}- *), or does εἰ introduce a direct question? Does Paul use the Ist pers. plur. of himself alone ? ete. ete. Turning to points more strictly grammatical, …
999 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.