^
Dictionary of the Bible
Dictionary of the Bible
DEALING WITH ITS
LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CONTENTS
INCLUDING THE BIBLICAL THEOLOGY
EDITED BY
JAMES HASTINGS, M.A, D.D.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP
JOHN A. SELBIE, M.A., D.D.
AND, CniEFLV IN THE REVISION OF THE PROOFS, OP
A. B. D.WIDSON, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D. S. R. DRIVER, D.D., Litt.D.
PBOFESSOB OF HEBREW, NEW COLLEOE, EDINBCROU REGHJS FROPESSOB OF HEBREW, OXFORD
E. B. SWETE, D.D., Lirr.D.
BEGIPS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAMBBIDOE
VOLUME IV PLEROMA-ZUZIM
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS EuisBURou: T. it T. CLAEK
J'.) 11
Copyright, 1902 bv CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
The Rights of Translation and of Reprodtictior^ are reserved
0' '^
6%
CI.
THE EDITOR OF THIS
DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE
D5SIRES TO DEDICATE IT TO THE MEMORY OF
Sir Thomas Clark, Baronet
Sometime Publisher in Edinburgh
Rev. Andrew Bruce Davidson,
D.D., LL.D., LlTT.D. S*inetine Pro/enor (»f Hebrew in the New College, Edinburgh
PREFACE
In issuing the last volume of the Dictionary of thi Bible, the Editor desires to record his sense of the goodness of God in enabling him to carry it through to the end, and to beseech His blessing on the use of it, that His Name may be glorified. He desires also very heartily to thank all those who have been associated with him in its production. He thanks the Publishers for their con- fidence at the beginning, for the liberty they have left him, and for the perfect courtesy of all their intercourse with him. He thanks the Printers also, Messrs. Morrison & Gibb, and their employees, for their skilful workmanship and their patient personal interest. And he thanks all the Authors. Chosen because they were believed to be able to give the best account of the subjects entrusted to them, they have done their work in such a way as to vindicate their choice ; while the relations between them and the Editor have been most agreeable through- out. He thanks them all, but especially those with whom he has been most closely associated in the oversight of the work — Dr. John A. Selbie, Dr. S. K. Driver, Dr. H. B. Swete, and Dr. W. Sanday. There is another, Dr. A. B Davidson, but he has passed beyond the voice of earthly gratitude.
LIST OF ABBEEVIATIOIS'S
L General
Alex. = Alexandrian.
Apoc. =Ap()calyi)se.
Apocr. = Apocrj-plia.
Aq. =Aquila.
Arab. = Arabic.
Aram. = Aramaic.
AasjT. = Assyrian.
Itab. =Ba)iyliiMiaD,
c. =circa, abniit.
Can. =Canaaiiito.
of. = coiiii>are.
ct. = contrast.
D= Deuleriinomist.
E = Eloliist.
edd. =editi"ns or editors.
E^jfyp. = E;,'Vptian.
Eng. = En;;lisli.
Etli. = Etiiiopic.
f. =and following verse or pajje ; as Ac lO***-
(V. =aiid following verses or pages ; as Mt ll-^*'
Cr. =(;rwk.
II = I^aw of Holine.ss.
lleb. = Hebrew.
llel. = Hellenistic.
Hex. = Me.\aleucli.
Isr. =lsraiOite.
.) =,laliwist,.
./ " = .)elnivali.
.lerns. =.lenisalent
Jos. =Josepbua.
LXX = Septnagint.
MSS = Manuscripts.
MT= Massoretic Text
n. =note.
NT = New Testament.
Onk. =Onkelos.
OT = ()ld Testament.
P= Priestly Narrative.
Pal. = Palestine, Palestinian.
Pent. = I'entateuch.
Pers. = Persian.
Phil. = Philistine.
Pha'n. = I'humieian.
Pr. Bk. = Prayer Hook.
R = Redactor.
Rom. = Koman.
Sam. = Samaritan.
Sera. = Semitic.
Sept. =Septnasint^
Sin. =Sinaitic.
Symni. =Symiiiaclius.
Syr. =Syriac.
Talm. =TaliMud.
Tarj;. =Tar;;iim.
Tlieiid. =Theodotion.
TK = Texlu.s Receptus.
tr. = translate or translation.
VSS= Versions.
Vul;;. = Vnl;,'ate.
WH = Westcott and Hort's text.
II. Books of tub P.ihi.k
Gn = Genp,si».
Ex = Exoiliis.
Lv = LeviMcMi8.
Nu = NnmliiTs.
I)t = Deuieroiioniy.
Jos = .loshua.
Jk = Jiid;;e8.
Ru = Rutli.
1 S,2 S=l and 2 Samuel
1 K, 2 K = l and 2 Kings
1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 and '.
Chronicles. Ezr = Ezra. Neli = Nehemiah. Est = Esther. Job.
Ps= I'salms. Pr = Proverbs. Eo = Ecclesiastes.
Old Testament.
Ca = Canticles. ls= Isaiah. Jer = .)ereniiah. La= Lamenlationa. Ezk = Ezekiel. l)n = Daniel. Hi>s = HoseiL JUJoel. Am = Amos. (Jb = Obadiah. ,1 (III = Jonah. iMic = Micah. Nah = Nalium. Hab = Hah.M.kkuk. Zeph = Zeplianiah. Hag= Haggai. Zec = Zechanah. Mai = Malachi.
Es, 2 Es = Ksdras.
Apocryiilia. and 2 To=Tobit. Jth=Judith.
Ad. Est = Additions to
Esther. AVis = Wisdom. .Sir = Sirach or Ecclesi-
astii-Ms. Har = 15anicli. Three = Son)^ of the
Three Children.
Sus = Susanna.
liel = Bel and the
Dragon. Pr. Man = Prayer of
.Maiiasses. 1 Mac, 2 Mac = l and 2
Maccabees.
New 'Testament.
Mt = Matthew. Mk = Mark. I,k = I,uke.
1 I'll, 2 Th = 1 and 2
Thessalonians. 1 Ti, 2 Ti = 1 and 2
Jn = .lohri. Ac = Acts. Ro = Rdiiians. 1 Co, 2 ('0 = 1
and 2
TiMiothy. Til=rit,us. IMiilciii = Philemon. He= Hebrews.
Corinthians. Oal = Cahitian3. Eph = Kjihesian8.
Ja = . lames.
1 1', 2 P=l and 2 Peter.
1 Jn, 2 .In, :\ Jn = l, 2,
Pli^Philippians. Col = Colos8ians.
and 3 .lolin. Jude. Rev = Revelation.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
III. English Versions
Wyc.=Wyclif8 Bible (NT c. 1380, OT c. 1382,
Purvey's Revision c 1388). Tind. = Tindale'8 NT 1526 and 1534, Pent. 1530. Cov. =Coverdale'8 Bible 1535. Matt, or Rog. = Matthew's (i.e. prob. Rogers')
Bible 1537. Cran. or Great=Cranmer'B 'Great' Bible 1539. Tav. = Taverner'8 Bible 1.539. Gen. = Geneva NT 1557, Bible 1560.