Rcgardin" the serWce of the doorkeepers in par- ticular, we learn that they had daily to set in all 24 watches, under four chiefs belonging to the doorkeepers, at the four quarters of the temple (ICh 26'-"") — an arrangement which, although given as existing in the time of TXivid, will really have reference to the temple of Zeruhbabel. As concerns thevinjrfr.v, HuchleriJ^T^JIF, lS9!t, p. 97 H.) s.eks to prove that tlie data regarding teiiijile music and tenii)le singing were not found in the authority u.sed by tlie Chronicler, and are thus added by himself. This is not impossible; but so sharp a distinction between the Chronicler and his authority (the lost Midra.sh on Kings), with which we are wholl}' unacquainted, ajipears to the present writer incapable of being carried out.
There is, moreover, an 'external activitT,' i.e. one outside the sanctuary, assigned to the Levites in Chronicles (1 Ch 26™). They are employed as over.-teers and, like the priests, as judges (1 Ch 23* 26^«/. ). In particular, their charge of measures is referred to in 1 Ch 2:^'^" {Gesch. j). 162). While the Priests' Code fixes the commencement of the Leiites' service at their thirtieth, or, according to an innovation, their twenty-lifth year, they have, according to 1 Ch 2.T-""' and other passages, to serve from their twentieth year <inward8 — an arrangement which the Chronicler is aware is a deviation from the legal statute, and which he geeks to justify as a change made by David.
In the matter of the revenues falling to the priests and Levites, from the time of Ezra an
attempt was made to carrj'out the pre.scri])tiinis of the Priests' Code. P.ut the setting-up of Levitical cities was as little carried into practice after Ezra as it had been up till then. When the Chronicler represents these cities as having existed in the time of Da^nd (1 Ch 13°) and later, this is simply due to his theory, which he forgets in 2 Ch 23-, where the Levites, at the accession of Joash, are assembled out of all the cities of Judah. Nor is the meaning of the 7»i;jr('ish of the Levitical cities quite clear to the Chronicler (2 Ch 31'"). Accord- ing to Neh 7"= Ezr 2™, and other passages, in the post-exilic period priests, Levites, singers, door- keepers, and Nethinim dwelt dispersed in various localities, which did not, however, bear the char- acter of the Levitical cities of the Priests' Code. So also in the period subsequent to the OT, the priests did not all live at Jerusalem : the Maccabees came from Modein (1 Mac 2'), to which, indeed, they had retired from Jerusalem only in conse- quence of the troubles under Antiochus Epiphanes ; and the priest Zacharias (Lk P'-"-) had his home in the hill-country of Judah (cf. Biichler, Pricater, pp. 1,59-205: 'Die Priester ausserhalb Jeru- salem's'). The doorkeepers, according to 1 Ch 9-°, betook themselves every seven days, according to their divisions, from their villages to Jerusalem to perform their service. The Levites and singer? (and so, no doubt, the priests also) in Neheniiah's time possessed at their places of residence fields, from whose produce they supported themselves when their dues were not paid (Neh 13'" M), and probably in general when thej' were not on duty, for the tenth in the time of Nehemiah was paid at the temple (Neh 13'- '='• M), and thus will hardly have extended to the LeWtes and priests outside Jerusalem. The Nethinim lived in Neheniiah's time on the Ophf.i, (which see) at Jerusalem (Neh 3^1.31 M). ^i,g (ofhciating) luiests had houses in Jerusal(Mn, situated apparently on the temple area (Neh3-'^M). _
On the subject of the dues falling to the temple personnel, we have a certain anumnt of informa- tion for the time of Nehemiah. The Latter tells us in his Memoirs (Neh 13'') that before his departure from Jerusalem the tenth of corn, must, and oil w;is paid and deposited in the storehouses as tha portion of the Levites, temple-singers, and door- keepers, which three classes received the tenth, and the priest the tSrnmdh. The tiiri'tmdh here might possibly mean the tenth of the tenth, but linguistic usage favours rather our referring it to tlie handing over of the first-fruits. In th.at case the [laying of the tenth of the tenth to the prie^t^ is not witnessed to for the time of Nelieniiah. The tenth of the tenth in Neh lO*'-'"' owes its presence apparently to a later hand {Gc.ir/i. p. 171 f.), to which is due also the additional enact- ment, which perhaps suits even tlie time of Nehemiah, but in any case is cliaracteristic of the later develojuiient, that an Aaroiiite iiriest is to superintend the operations of the Levites, as they receive the tithes (v.'"'). After a while remissness in paying the tithes set in, so that Nehemiah at his second visit had to adopt drastic measures in order to bring the payment of them into force again (Neh 13'""- M). There is no mention in Nehemiah of the tenth of cattle. The demand for this made by the Priests' Coile is probably an innovation, the result of i)Uiely theoretical con- struction, and is perhaps not earlier than the period subsequent to Nehemiah. The Clironi<lcr, on the other hand, is acquainted with the reciuire- ment of the tenth of cattle (2 Ch 31«). Priests and Levites were ajipointed by Nehemiah to take charge of the wood that had to he delivered at fixed times, and of the lii/c/ciirim (Neh 13»"'- M). According to Neh 1(P those contributions of wood