In addition to their serv'ice in the temple, the priests are known to Josephus as administrators of the most imjwrtant concerns of the community, under the presidency of the high priest (c. Apion. ii. 21). He has in view primarily Jeru.salem. But in all cities there were, according to him {Ant. iv. viii. 14), as Moses had enjoined, men of the tribe of Le>'i appointed, two for each court of seven, to assist the members as vin)p4Tai. Such an enact- ment is not found in the Pentateuch ; Josephus must then have in view arrangements existing in his own time in Jud.ea under the Romans (dif- ferently Van Hoonacker, 6'accrrfoce, etc. p. 45f. ). From the designation vrrjp^rai it is more likely that these two assessors were Levites (Schiirer, p. 178) than that priests are meant (Biichler, Fricster, p. 180). According to the Mishna {San- hcdrin i. 3), priests are in certain instances to be called in as judges (cf. Jos. c. Apion. ii. 21). This
i'udicial activity of the J)rie8ts, perhaps also of the >evites, is a continuation of the corresponding duties assigned to the [jriests in Deuteronomy and Kzekiel, and to the priests and Levites in Chron- icles. In the last resort this species of activity on the part of the personnel of the sanctuary goes back to the practice, with which we make acquaint- ance in the u<jok of the Covenant, of having certain lawsuits decided at the sanctuary, by means of the oracle of the Deity communicated by the priests.
LlTERATTniK. — Jn. IJchtfoot. Minixterium Templi quale erat tfinpore noslri Hatualuru dencriplutn fz gcriptura et antiquis- ttmut Jxtdeeornm iHonnmentU (Ujitro, Koteradanii, lOi^, vol. i. pp. 671-768) ; Joh, Lundius, OU alten jiiilinchfn Iliiligthumer, 'fOtteidifnste unil lir^rohnhfiJen, Jiir Aufjm qcntclUt, in einer atuffuhrlichm ikjfchreiOuny ties ganUen Levitischen PrienUr- Ihuyrut, etc, iUu von neuem iiberaehen, und in beygejiigten Atunerckungen. hin und wieder theilt verbestfrtt tlieils ver- infhrft durch Joh. Christoph. Wot/ium^ Uambun;, 1738 ; Joh. Gottlob Carpzov, Ajfparattit hittoriothcriticui anti/juifatum Maori ffuhcis et {/enlij/ heirneee uberrimia annolationibxts in Thtima: {ioodwinx itosen et Aaronem, Francofurthi et Lipaiio, 1748. — On various points connected with the subject: Blosius Ugolinus, Thesaurus antiquilatum sacrantm, vols, ix, xii. and xiii., Veneliis, 17*8, 1761, and 17.'i2, especially * i*auli Frid. <>;'iiii commentariuB de custnilia t^'Hii)ti nocturna,' vol. ix. cc. I" ' I xxlx-MLXxvi ; 'Job. Saulnjrti de sacerdotibus et sacris KtTiMrum pt-rgonis coninietitarlus,' vol. xii. cc. I-Lxxx ; 'Jon» Knniiblioltz Socerdolium Ebraicum,' ib. cc. Lxxxi- *'xx; 'Bias. IVolini 8acerdotium Ilebnucura," vol. xiii. cc. c.\xxv-Mcni.— K. H. Graf, ' Zur Geschichtc des Stammes Levi,' 'n .Merx' Arc/iiv fur visxrnjtc/ia/ttiche Krforschung deg Alten T'tlamenlet, Bd. i. ISC'-ltt'.i, pp. 68-106, 208-236; S. I. Curliai, The Levilicat PriejU, a e.^nitnltution to the crilicigm of the Pentateuch. Edinl»urgh and Leipzig, 1877, also De Aaronitici »arrr<totii atqite ThorcB elohittica origine dieeertatio hintnriro- eTit«-a, Lip8i;e, 1878; Oort, ' De Aiironledcn,' In ThT, Jaarsr. xviij. 1K84, i)p. 2S9-335; W. W. CJrt. BaudlBsln, Die Geeehicl.le de* ttltteKtatrteni lichen Prieeterthutne untersueht , Leipzig. Ib-^O, on pp. xi-xv of which see a fuller list of the Literfttun on the VOL. IV. — 7
history of the OT priesthood since 1S06, to which may be added : J. M. Jost. Ueadiichte des Judenthume und seiner Hecten, Abtheiluug i., Leipzis;. lSo7, pp. 146-156 ('Ucr jungere Prresterstand ■), p. 156 f. ('Leviten'), pp. 158-167 ('GottesdieJist- Ordiiung ini Tenipel '), pp. KiS-lsu (' Uottesdienst dcr Synagoge niid gottesdienstliche IIandh]n;,'en ') ; Gractz, • Die letzten Tempelbeamten vor der Tenipelzcrstorung und die Tenipel- auiter,' in Monaleschrljt Jur tjtichichte und n'ismucha/l det Judcnthume, Jahrg. xxxiv. 1885, pp. 193-205, also ' Eine Strafmas.sre;.'el gegeu die Leviten,'«6. xxxv. 1886, pp. 97-108; Hcinr. Biberfeld, Der Vbergang des levitiechen Dienstgehallee am die /'i tetter (Leipziger Dissertation), Beriin, 1888.— More recent works: E. Kautzsch, article 'Levi, Leviten,' in Erscb and Gruber's AU/jetneine Kncijklopddie, Section ii. ThI. xliii
1889, pp. 282-293; H. Vogelstein, Der Kampf zwischen Priestem und Leviten teit den Tagen Ezechiels, Stettin, 1889 ; A. Kuenen, ' De geschiedenis der priesters van Jaliwe en de ouderdoin der priesterlijlve wet,' in 'i'h'l\ Jaarg. xxiv.
1890, pp. 1-12 l=GesamiiLelte Abhandlungen zur BMischen Wisseiuchajt, tr. by K. Budde, Freiburg i. B. 1894, pp. 465- 500]; Ch. Piepenbring, ' Histoire des lieux de cuke et ou sacer- doce en Israel," in Jievue de ihixtoire dee lit'ligioiie, Ann. m. t. xxiv. IS'Jl, pp. l-flO, 133-186 (a risumi of the Reuss-Well- hausen view of the history); Bruno Baent^ch, Das Heiligkeite- qesetz Lv xcii-xxvi, Erfurt, 1»93, pp. 142-144 ('Die heiligen Personen ) ; J. U. Breasted, ' The development of the priest- hood in Israel and Egyi)t, a comparison,' in The Biblical ICc/rW, new series, n. i., July 189:!, pp. 19-'28 [not seen] ; I. Benzingcr, Uebrdieche Archaologie. Freiburg i. B. 1894, pp. 40.5-428 ; \V. Nowack, Lehrbueh der hebraiachen Archdoloqie. Freiburg i. B. 1894, Bd. ii. pp. 87-130 : Ad. Buchler, Die 'Priesler und der Vultue im letzten Jahrzehnt dee JerxLSalemischen Tempele, Wien, 1895 (see a review of this work by Schiirer in ThLZ, 1893, col. 616 (^.) ; Samuel Krauss, * Priests and worship in the last decade of the temple at Jerusalem,' in the J(^R, vol. viii. 1898, pp. 066-678; Ed. Meyer, Die Entstehunn des Juden- thuins, Halle a. S. 1896, pp. 168-183 (' Die (Jeistliclikeit ') ; U. A. Poels, Examen critique de I'hietoire du sancttiaire de I'arche, tome L, Louvain, 1897, pp. 292-301 ('Les prctres de Nob') ; E. Sellin, Beitrttge zur Israelitischen und Jiidi^chen lieligions- g'sehichte, Heft ii., Leipzig, 1897, pp. 109-121; E. Scburer, GrucUichte des jiidij:chen Volkee im Zeitalter Jesu Chrinti' (Eng. tr. from 2nd ed., under title History o/ the Jewish People in lite time of Jesus Christ, b vols., Edin., T. & T. Clark, 1885- 1890J, Bd. u., Leipzig, 1893, pp. 214-'299 (' Die Hohcnpriester,' 'Die Priesterscbaft und der Tempelcultus ') ; Ad. Buchler, * Zur Geschichte des Tempelcultus in Jerusalem,' in lieaieil des travaux ridigis en memoire du Juhili Scientific de M. Daniel Chwolsnn, Berlin, 1899, pp. 1-41 (I. ' Die Verloosung dcr Dienst- gesch.ifte'; IL 'Simon, der Gerechte" ; III. 'Die Signale ira Tempel (iir die einzelnen Dienstgeschitfte ') ; T. K. Cheyne, 'The priesthood of David's sons,' in Expos., I-lfth series, ix. (1899) pp. 453-457; A. Van lloonacker, Le sacerdoce Livitigue dans laloi et dans I'histoire des IWbreux, London and Louvain, 1899 (cf. ThLX, 18i», col. 35911.), 'Les pr6tres et les Invites dans le livre d'Ez6chieI,' in Jlev. bibl. internal. 1899, ii. pp. 177- 205 [not seenj ; Fr. v. Hunimelauer, Das vonnosaische friester. thtun inlsracl, Freiburg i. Ii. 1899 ; J. Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israelii, Berlin. 1899, Kap. 4 (' Die Priester und Leviten '), Kap. 5 (' Die Ausstattuiig des Klerus ') [Ist ed., under title 'Gescliichte Israels,' 1878, pp. 123-174].