vUi. The L.TKaA™K. of the subject is Port^tously large Even excluding the mMS of dev<,t^na^.^__^j and critical
annotations, and l™'X^.»h"s,orv "of exposition would run to Uterature only, a detailed h,stor> o .1__^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^
very great length. The >?"o"'"h laming of centunes have Ihe^ Psalms which the piety '^^d '«^™X^ietion of Delitzscl.'s accumulated, may he °' «°°'^/|^'bTeet (vol. i. P. 64. Eng. tr. by Introduction is devoted t«the»uDject i important com-
Eaton). Amongst *€ Falt^"^ OKgorv of Nyssa, Ambrose mentaries are those of Athanasius, uieb . ]„nonvnce of
rrome, and esp. Ch^y^o^t"" an^ Augu|tme. ^^^g^
Hebrew on the part °* "?"y * j u„.historical methods of Church, and their ""f"' '"^ .HevoSt and often spiritua ly exegesis, mar the feet of the rne ^^^^^^ exegetes
instructive comments In the "'d^^'^^j^S '^^o.^gst these mav are more "npor ant than the win ^^j j,^ ^
be named Rashi ("th «f ■). Ihn tzra l^t ^_^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ i,, Kimchi (13th cent.); other later Je„' ^^^ Reformation
scholars who helped ^ prepare fie « y^ Reformation s.ay8 of the 18th cent. •^'^V'.he Psalter also began to diffuse Delitzsch, the '°se-garden of the P^^«r ^^b^,_i„ , ^.^e
it^ odour as in the "newed freshnes. ^ • , churches, and Psalms fo™ed the hjTOn-book of the H^o^^ ^^ ^^^ Refomiers
It is matter »' li'^'°7 ^^'f g( Uther and the tr. of Marot was advanced by the hymns o, but ^^ ^^^^ ^^ the psalms
(1543) and Be"' (1^!*;L» evangelical insight and spiritual power (Opero!io/vat) exhibit his evangeuctti lb ,^jj ^ ^e\\^^
Ut Calvin's Common ary O^S^) « m°re ^ l^^^^^j^,^ th more sound and masterly, a"^ "fiL °, Rosenm liner's Scholta
Teat advantage. In more "od^™ Si re„d"'='* """""'^"^ tl798-1804),"aouKh only a comp. auo^^ ^^ the works
service at *« V"1,?,,rv t he ol o-^'n? may be mentioned :-de of the last haU-centurj the loiiowing > ;„ '""■^''/:
Wette (1811-66) ; Hitag ,/''*''^„h, ",,847 1852) ; Ilupfeld ItT- karulbuch (1853); He"g^tenberg (184 , 18^-)^^ l^ na55-62 2nded.byKiehm,1867-<l,3rrtby y)»>^ • j, „ j„
'^l^'^^'d, ^B («« 18«« ; MU-f„,(td'! 1^9)?CrStz. KHt. Lange'Bi3iA'''i''«™(lbtJJ- M, i^ev, ^i ^ ^j j,,, i,y
Komm. (18S2); Schullz in StroH . Aomm^U8«,^^^^^^ Kessler,1890);Baetl^emnNowack 9 Ha^^ ^^^S^^ Delit^ch in Marti'8 Kurzer H^'^"''"'.'!'."'," " Enirllsh. Amongst recent 1 and Moll have been *«"''»'£ '"i^ned'l'erowne (0th ed. ISOI! ; Kng. commentators "ay be raentionM 1 er .^^^v^^^^^^ ^^ .
Jennings and If "=u ^^,« S) and V/.« Oriflin 0/ (A« /'"".'"-j;. Cheyne, The Book <>/,^Z^^R^himy. Slaclaren in ExponloTs B.inipton Lecluresh891), De\\^ttUb»iN ^^.^^^^ (,s93-95). The
liiUe (189l)-92), and K'y^P'>'"° ,4ml Introductions to OT should seclionsonthelsalmsinthese emMu ^^^^^^^^ ^ 'epres... a-
not be neglected. J^e ™ """"B/y;,.^ Riehm(ed. Brandt. 18»9). tive : Wellhausen-Bleek (6lh ed. i»J-V. ' . Jggg, girack 6lh Sriver (.Ith ed.. 18?')iConi. (3rd and * h ed. ^^ ,^^^^^
:^dUtie:^eCf'ciu;c^^n"4^ol. (186<^7« Not*, from
Imo-ng^t sepamte artides be-des b^«- , - ^ ^^^ . ^,.^, above.p. Wl^).orm™opapteareBaet^i ^^ j„dirirf,K>i- u.
brechtLi ZATW, l^^l • ^.^Mfs, -jyundijy mdenP«o m«n,
,892; Stade,.-Die ;"es^'^°- 3^°^ .^g-rn,*^ Ueber das Oetend» Theol. u. Kirche. IS^-.vfe -B Jacob, ' Beitriige zu emer EinL Ich in den f«?.''Tiri- ISgeif; \Vellhausen,-Bemertangeo indie Psalmen'm/il/l'.lS™ i-' ' 6;.j,,,„ vi. (1899) 163-187 ; ra den Psalmen ' in S*"--?^™ "vJi^ asga enlarged ed. 1898. W. t: Davison, The •P'-''«'«5,{Srlext o ' toe Psalms may be Of critical editions of t^e Heh- text 01 i' ^^^^^ ^d
mentioned that in the Baer-t)el.tz|ch sen t ^ ^^_ ^^ that of Wellhausen in Haupt 9 *^C"^ ,_ p^^^^ ,,^ PV'";,'?^,^ text by Furness in PD). .Jhe L^m^^ ^^ g^^.^^^.^ ^,^ ,„
separately. The Pwl«i» »» G^w* tiom ^ ^ DAVISON. Greek.
PSALMS OF.SOLOMON^This n-e -s^^-n
at an "f f t=i^» .'I'^^^d' cent) to a collection of rJXi^lX^'l^f ^t^^^. and extant
".-G-'^VThTnl^e^tloomo'^not. seem- ,^.3?^^^^trXse^psaln.<^^a,.q
author's name was S.°1°'P°",' '^ Hseemid a natural most likel.v explanation is that it s<=em ^^^^.^^ ^^
uniformly in company ^Mth ^S.^ o^" jj^gy ^^e books (Pr Ec, Ca, N\ ^^^'^^^^^^^^^^nh^^.r., Gr. _(1) R (Vatican, Gr. 3db) , l^) ^ ^ i; p (Paris, 6) (3) M (Moscow Synod^- ?;,''^Ll. 7); (6. 7) Gr. 2991 A) ; (^\^,.^}ZBMiothcca Casanatensu at Mt. Atbos; («) "i tne ^^o ^,^g joth
of Baruch has a section (4 -o) «n ca ^^^
lar.-e part from one of these psalms (^o^ g^'o^tio naturally -itbout aeloiow edgment 1^^^^.^,,^, book Pw«w Soi'hia and the -itn ce golomon,
Lactantius ^"^h quote ^rtam odes^o^.^
which were very Pl°'''^^'J . u.-t^he 18 Greek book, of Christian °"f " 'j^i^^^^tion of the book psalms are nowhere "t<^^- J^'f ", ^i writings, and Ucurs only in ^i^^s of apocrji n
in two By^autine writers of tl«^ pavid Hoeschel, ZonarasandTlieodoreBal^amou ^^^^
librarian at .Augsburg ^^ as the u ^^^^^ .^^^ called attention t^o the book, ana ^^.^^^ j^ Cerda after his death, in 1°;°' "y,^ g^e have been many in lus ^<^~"«"«^'^^,"ttex ,for the formation of editions since. ^""^ ''^^i„r,t mss have been used, which all tlie known fj^ht W?^ " Unters.
;V hat of O. von Gebhardt m ^me ^'^i^^rsitv
- , ThP Cambridge University
(1895): text onl.y. Th^„,Vo^ wed upo" Cod. R.
duction, ind notes . ^ ^ by the
iv. DATE. Chaka™ etO' [ i^^^^ti, t these
S^sms'bXSV . "^5:^^ii^;^(^i'cr'^ThS iblr^^lSs^^^d^^i^--^-^^"'
I terms.
psal:sis of solomon
PSYCHOLOGY
163
It is also commonly agreed that the psalms were written ( 1 ) in ralestiiio, (i) in the Hebrew language, (3) by a i'liarisee. The lirst of these three points is assumed on grounds of general probability, sup- ported by the subjects of the psalms, and the fact that they ieem intended for synagogal use. The second depends on a large number of linguistic peculiarities, and is demonstrated by the exist- ence of a number of passages which can be best exjilained as mistranslations of a Hebrew text. In favour of the third the following reasons may be urged : — There is a strong polemic element in the psalms j many invectives are directed against a party who are ciuled dinners (dynapruXoi) or trans- gressors {vapivoiiOi), while the party to which the psalmist belongs are the righteous (StKoioi) or holi/ {Sffioi). The party of the sinners is in power, and has usurped David's throne and the priesthood. The holy things are polluted, and secret enor- mities are prevalent. The party of the sinners is also rich and prosperous, while the saints are for the most part poor.