A serious difficulty, however, arises in this con- nexion. In 1 S 10- Rachel's tomb is described quite clearly as being on the ' border of Benjamin,' i.e., obviously, the N. border between Benjamin and E]nhraini, not far from§ Bethel (v.*), which was 10 nules N. of Jerusalem ; and a site in the same neighbourhood is strongly favoured by Jer 31", where Rachel is rei)resented as weeping at (or near) Ramah, 5 miles N. of Jeru.salem. || The distance which pN.i n-i33 was understood to express is uncertain ; but it can hardly (cf. 2 K 5'") have been as much as 15 or 16 miles. We seem, there- fore, reduced to one of two conclusions : either (Knob., Graf, Stade, ZA W, 1883, pp. 5-8 ; Riehm, //l(7J», 1281 f.: Holzinger, al.) Ephrath, though elsewhere identified with Beth-lehem (Ru 1- 4", Mic 5^), is here the name of a placo near Ramah (in which case the words 'tliat is Beth-lehem' in 35" 48' will be an incorrect gloss); or (Nold., Del., Dillm.) there were two dill'erent traditions as to the site of Rachel's grave — one tradition (1 S 10'-, Jer 31">) placing it near Ramah, the other (Gn 35" 48') placing it near Beth-lehem. As Rachel has other- wi.se no connexion with Judah, while .she is con- nected closely with Joseph and Benjamin, the former alternative is perhaps the more probable (Buhl, Geogr. 159, does not decide between them).
S. R. Driver.
RADDAI (TJ; B ZaSSoI, B'" Za/35al, A '?aSSal).— The lifth son of Jes.se. 1 Ch 2".
RAG, RAGGED.— The words properly translated 'rag' are (1) o';-;3, pieces torn olF, from yifj to rend, which is ti^ 'rags' in Pr 23", but in 1 K
* Mc 2"' is, of coune, an applieation, not an interpretation, of the prophecy.
f See the Itinerary of the Bordeaux Pilgrim, A.D. 333 (in the »erie« of the J'al. PUgrimif Text .Sac. 1. 20 f.), nnd the 1M1- rnuiai,'e of Paula (Vj. p. C, at the end of the vol.) in Jerome's t'p. ad Eustochium (ed. Bcned. Iv. i, 674 ; ed. Vallarei, 1. 692).
! See, further, Ilobltuon, BliP 1. 218, UL 278; Bad.>129f.; PEFMi-m. ill. 120 f. (with a view).
I The terms of 1 8 10" hardly enable u» to fix it« »lt« more •peciHi ally : see an ottempt l)v'schi<k, ZDPV Iv. (Igsl) p. 21S1. l=Pi:iyi, 1883, p. Ill); aliaiidoncd I'KFSI. 1808, p. 10.
I It -nay 'le worth nhservinif that, thonj^h Joh isia(p) makes the .S. Iwrdcrot lienjaniin pass close to theS. of liilhel, 1 K 161' •cema to Imply Hint the S. Iwrder of the N. kingdom wo» at Bamah ; see also Jg 4'. VOL. IV. — 13
ll*"", 2 K 2'- simply 'pieces,' being preceded by the verb ; (2) o-nSs, wotn-out clothes, from [n^r] to wear out, tr'' ' rotten rags ' in Jer 38"- '-, the only place where it occurs; (3) ^d«ro5, tr'' 'rag ' in Ad. Est 14". In Is 64^ ' All our righteousnesses are as lilthy rags' (C'-y n:??), the word tr'' 'rags' {-i:z) is simply ' clotliin" ' 'a garment' ('from the tilthy clothing of the leper to the holj' robes of ihe high prie.st' — Ox/. Heo. Lex.); RV 'as a polluted gar- ment.' The specific allusion here is to a vestii vienstruis polluta ; cf. Is 30-'.
The root meaning of the Eng. word 'rag' is neither ' torn ' nor ' worn,' but rough, sluiggij (Swed. rngg or rugg, rough hair), whence the adj. ragged w;is used as we now use ' rugged ' in the sense of jagged, applied to rocks, etc. So in AV Is 2" ' the tops of the ragged rocks ' ; and Sir 32 >"«"»« ' Of a ragged and a smooth way.' Cf. ShakB, Rich. II. v. v. 21—
' How these vain weak nails May tear a p-ossat^e through the flinty ritifl Of this hard world, my ragged prison walla.'
And Milton, L' Allegro, 9 —
'There, under ebon shades and low-browed rocks. As ragged as thy locks.'
J. Hastings. RAGAU. — See following article.
RAGES fP(i70' [X in Tog'-^'Pa-yai] t^s MtjJ/os).— Now Rai near Teheran. The city, whose ruins occupy a space about 4500 yards long by 3500 broad, gave its name to Media Ragiana, and commanded the approach to the Caspian Gates. The size and thickness of its walls, and the number of towers with which they are flanked, must have made it one of the strongest fortresses of the Persian em- pire. According to the 'Vendidad it was colonized by the advancing Aryans after they had left H5Tcania and before they reached Khorassan, and it was there that they were mingled with two other races and so first came into contact with heretics. An old tradition asserted that Zoroaster was born there (see de Harlez, Introduction a I'Hude de I'Avcsta, Paris, 1882). In the Behistun In.scription Darius calls it Ragft in Media, and states that the Median pretender Frawartish or Phraortes fled to it after his defeat ; he was, however, captured, and after being tortured was sent to Ecbatana to be impaled. At a later date Alexander passed through it in pursuit of Darius Codomannus, eleven days after leaving Ecbatana. It was rebuilt or enlarged by Seleucus I., who gave it the name of Europus (Strabo, XI. xiii. 6), which was supplanted by that of Arsacia after the Parthian conquest. In the age of Isidorus (§ 7) it was still ' the greatest city in Media.' In Strabo and Arrian the name appears as EagcB ; Ptolemy (vi. 5) makes it liagcna.