The other interpretation, starting with isb as a propitiatory gift otlered in satisfaction for a life, makes Go^ the recipient of the ransom. Thus Ritschl, following Ps 49' and Mk 8", thinks of the life of Jesus as a precious gift, offered to God in order to ransom from death those who were unable to provide a sufficiently valuable 1:3 for themselves (so Weiss, Bihl. Theol. p. 101 ; Runze, ZWTh, 1889, p. 148 tt'.; Crenier, Bib. ■ Theol. Worterb. p. 594). In this case the thought is clearly of deliverance from penalty, and the nearest parallel is ;o be found in Mt 26^, where Jesus compares His death to a covenant sacrifice, offered for the remission of sins upon the occasion of the establishment of the new covenant between God and the disciples. (Cf. Tit 2'^ He 9", 1 P l'«- '», where the combina- tion between the ransom and the sacrificial figures is clearly found). The exact meaning will vary according as we associate dxrl with Xvrpov alone (Cremer), or mth the whole clause (Ritschl, Weiss). In the first case the comparison will be between the life of Jesus and that of the many whose place it takes ; in the latter it will merely express the fact that, in laying down His life, Jesus takes the place of the disciples in doing that which they ought to do for themselves.
Whichever interpretation we take, itis important not to isolate the death of Jesus from the life which precedes it. It is not the death as such which is a ransom, but the death considered as the culmina- tion and completion of a previous career of ministry. This is clearly shown by the preceding context, 'The Son of Man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many.' We have here the same combination of suffering and service which meets us in the OT in the SuHering Servant of Is 53. It is clear, there- fore, that the ^ift of which our Lord speaks should not be confined to the death on the cross, but in- cludes also His 'entire Person and service which He gives in ministry' (Briggs, p. Ill; so Weiss, Wendt).
It is to be noted that while Mk 10" speaks ol the life of Christ as given for many, 1 Ti 2' gives the ransom a universal significance: 'Christ Jesu* . . . who gave himself a ransom for all.'
See, further, under REDEMPTION, Salva noK.
LiTERATURB. — RitschI, Rtchtf. und Vert. ii. pp. 6S-S8; Runze ZWTh, 1889, p. 148ff. J Weiss, Bibl. Theol. p. 74 (Eng. tr. p. 101) , Be\-5chlag, Neutett. Theol. 1. p. 149 lEng. tr. i. p 152] ; Wendt, Ldire Jem, ii. p. 509 ff. (Eng. tr. ii. p. 2269.]; Creme., BM.-
KAPE
RAVEX
201
rtirnl. WOritrb. f. ),;««. ; Wcstcott. llehrevii, 229 fT.; Brigfs, M'-gK. itfttrp. p lioff. For similar ideas among the later Jews, It. Weber, Ju lincht Theutoyu, p. 313 ff.
W. Adams Brown. RAPE.— See axt. Cbimes and Punishments in vol. i. p. 522".
KAPHA, RAPHAH.— 1. In RVm these names are substimtcd lor 'the giant' in 1 Cli SCf*-"-" (xr-in) and in '_' .S 21"'- '»■»>•- (.ir-irr) respectively. It is there .said that certain Philistine cliampions, slain l>y David's heroes, were born to tlie raphdh in (iath. The word is certainly a common noun, and not a jimper name. If used individually, 'the piant ' IS probably the Goliath whom David slew, liut more prol)al)ly the noun is a collective, and denote-s the stock of the giants, rather than any one person. The plural of tliis word, or at least a plural of this stem, is Kepuaim (which see).
2. For Raphah (AV Kapha), a descendant of Saul, 1 Ch S", see Kei'HAIAH, No. 4.
W. J. Beecher.
RAPHAEL (Sx;-! ; LXX "Po<^oi;X, ' El has healed ') Is not named in the Hebrew Scriptures, and in the KXX only in Tobit. His functions may best be learned from his own words in To 12'^"", where, combining the dillerent versions, we read, ' I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand and serve before the throne of God's glory, present- ing the prayers of saints. I brought the memorial of your prayers and tears before the Holy One. When thou didst bury the slain, I was with thee ; and now God hath sent me to heal thee.' On this pa&sage we would observe : (1) The 'seven angels,' of whom Kajihael declares himself one, were i)rob- ably Raphael, Gabriel, Uriel, Michael, Izidkiel, Hanael, and Kepharel. We read in Rev 8- of ' the seven angels who stand before God ' ; and in I* of ' the seven spirits who are before the throne' (but this passage is understood by most expositors to refer to the Holy Spirit, cf. 5^) ; and ' which are sent forth into all the earth,' 5". (2) These seven are the archangels, the princes of the angelic host. They stand near the throne of glory, and were conceived to be the only angels who are uermitted to enter within the radiance. Gabriel describes him.self (Lk 1'*) as one that 'stands in tlie presence of God.' (3) The doctrine of Divine aloofness, which was pushed to extreme lengths in late .(udaism, has, herein Tobit, reached thus far, that God does not Himself hear prayer. He was thought, as Kpicurus also taught, to be engaged in higher pursuits. Prayers which by their importunity or worth reach heaven, are heard by the iiiigels of the Presence, and are carried to the throne by them, and then they are conimis- sioned to execute the answer. There is no clear evidence in Tobit that prayer was presented to the angels; though Cod. B in To 3" almost implies this, where we read, ' The prayer of both was heard l)elore the glory f;/"</ie(7rea<yia/)/i/(e;.' All the other Versions read ' before the glory o/ God.' The Book of Tobit docs not assign to Raphael anj' inter- cessory mediation. He is simply a messenger, reporting to the Inefl'able man's ])rayers and tears, cf. Ac 1U<, Rev. 8'. (4) Raphael served holy men as a qwtrtlinn angel. When Tobias was in danger of losing his life for burying Jews who had been massacred in Nineveh, Raphael ' was with him,' protectinj,' him. But the unique feature of the Book of Tobit is that Raphael is said to have a.s9Uiiied a human form, claiming to bo a kinsman of Tobit, and travelling as guide with hiin from Nineveh to Kcbatana. While the wedding festivities of Tobit and Sarah were being celebrated, Raphael went forward to Rages in Media, for the money which Tohia-s liatl, years before, di'posited with his friend (iabael, and eventually J'aphael brought the