The more common NT word is, however, XvrpoO- fiai (from X&rpov, ' a ransom'), with its derivatives, Xvrpitnijs, "KuTpiccns, d7ro\iVpw(rtj. These follow the usage of the OT Snj and ni", being sometimes used in the technical sense of ' ransom ' {e.ff. 1 P jis. 19)^ i)uf more frequently in the purely general sense of 'deliver.' Thus X&rpciKni is used in Luke of the Messianic deliverance from misfortune and sorrow. So Lk 1** 2^, cf. 24"'. More particularly of the salvation to be wrought at the Paronsia, Lk 21'-'* {a.To\vTpuais, cf. Ro 8^ the redemption of the body ; Eph 1" the redemption of God's own possession. In Eph 4** the phrase ' day of re- demption ' is used as a synonym for Parousia). In otiier passages which follow the thought of Ps 130\ the reference is clearly to redemption from sin. So in Eph 1', Col 1", reilemption is associated with forgiveness. In Ro 3-'"" it is con- nected with justification. In Tit 2" Christ is said to have given Himself for us 'that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto him- self a people for his own possession, zealous of good works.' In this narrower sense redemption is frequently connected with the death of Christ. Thus He 9" speaks of ' a death having taken place for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first covenant.' Cf. Eph I' ' redemption through his blood ' ; Ro 3'-'' ^ ' redemption . . . through faith in his blood,' and esp. 1 P !"• " ' Knowing that ye were redeemed, not with cor- ruptible things, as with silver or gold, from your vain manner of life handed down from your fathers ; but with precious blood, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot, even the blood of Christ.' Here the technical meaning of \vrpovixai reajipears. The blood of Christ is represented as tlie ransom price (Xirpov, cf. Mk 10''') by which Christians are redeemed from their former sinful life. Observe that in 1 P l'«- '", as in Tit 2" and He 9", the thought is not primarily of deliverance from punishment, but of deliverance from sin. See, further, uiuier RANSOM.
The term ' redeemer ' (Xv7-pam)s) is found in XT only in Ac 7^, where it is used of Moses (ho RVm , AV and RV tr. 'deliverer'). In the LXX Xi/r/juiT-iji stands for SnJ in Ps 18(19)" 77(78)» [all].
For a fuller discussion of the biblical idea of redemption, see Salvation, Saviour.
LrrnRATtm*.— Cromer, Bib.Throl. WBrttrb.. 1. Xurfim ; Rltachl, RrcMf. und Vers. U. p. 2210. ; BcysehlnK, ynitest. Thtol. i. p. 38(5 <Kni{. tr. I. p. 395 1.); Stfvt-ns, PatUint Theot. (ISOJ) p. tJ-7 ff. ; Orr, Christian Vvw of (jod atul the M'orld tlSlt:^, p. SinlT. ; llort, 1 Paler OSOS), p. 78 IT.; Brisirs, Metnah oj Apinllta, p. 47 ft., and Stxtdu of lloln Heripturr, isno, p. 647(t. ; Abbott, Ephetiant and ColosniaTU, pp. II - IS ; Westcott, £f eirew*. pp. 206, 208 ; Sanflay-Hcadlam, /Jomanj, p. 86; Urlvei on Dt 78 19« ftnd Par. Ptalt. 463 (.
W. Adams Brown.
212
KKED
KEED
REED. — There is as mnch uncertainty in regard to the signilication of the Heb. words used to designate the various sorts of aquatic and marsh plants, grouped under the above general term, as there is about the English term itself. Two of these, 'dhu and sdph, have alreaily been discussed under Flag. There remain the foil, four : —
1. P'V, iin;N 'agmon. This word seems to l)e derived from d:n 'again, the same as the Ar.ab. 'ajam, denoting ' a troubled or muddy pool ' (Is 14-^ c'c-'DJK), such as reeds and rushes grow in, and thence a reed from such a pool (Jer 51'-, RVm 'mnrslie'i, Heb. pools'). 'Agmon is tr^ in ilob 41^ AV 'hook,' RV 'rope'; job 41-'" AV 'caldron,' liV ' burning rushes' ; Is 58' ' bulrush,' RV ' rush.' The word is used metaphorically for the lowly, and tr" 'rush' (Is 9'' 19"). The LXX (cpU-os = ' ring,' S.v8pa^-='coa\,' /itKp6s = ' small,' Ti\oi=' end,' give us no clue to the signihcation of 'agmon. Unfortunately, there is nothing in the etymology which is any more helpfiil. The expression 'bow down his head like a bulrush' (Is 58') would ex- clude the true rushes, which are stifi', erect plants. There are several rush-like plants to which it would well apply, as the Twiij Rush, Cladium inariscus, L. ; Cijperus longus, L., and a number of the Scirpi, all of the order Cyperacece ; the Common Reed, Phrngmites coi)iminii>:, L., of the Graminece; the Flowering Rush, Bntomus vmbel- Intus, L. , of the Alismacew ; and the Rur Reed, Sprirgnnium. ramos^un, Huds., of the Ti/p/iacew. The expression 'canst thou put an 'agmun (AV ' hook,' RV ' rope ') into his nose ? ' (Job 41'-) m.ay be explained as referring to the ring Avhich is passed through the nostrils of bulls to lead them. 'This is usually of iron. Sometimes it is of tough, twisted withes. It may be that it was sometimes made of rushes. But this also gives no light as to the par- ticular kind. The tr" ' rush ' is admissible only if we take it in its widest and most general sense.
2. Kti gome'. The Ueb. root signifies ' to swallow or imbibe.' Gome' occurs in connexion with its marshy place of growth (Job 8", LXX i-din/pos, AV and RV 'rush,' RVm 'papyrus'). The ark in which Moses was placed was made of gome' (Ex 2'). The LXX says only flr,3i! = ' wicker basket,' without mentioning the material of which it was made ; AV and RV ' bulrushes,' RVm 'papyrus.' What were the 'vessels of gome" ^ (Is 18=, AV 'bulrushes,' RV 'papyrus'). That boats for sea voyages were ma<le of papyrus is improbable. But the passage does not require tliat. The allusion in the expression 'sea' is doubtless to the Nile, the gieater branches of which, as well as the main stream, are called by the Arabs 6aAr = 'sea.' The Blue Nile is el- b'lhr el-azrnk, and the White Nile el-bahr el- ablnd, while the united stream is called bnhr en-Nil far more frequently than nnhr (river) en- Nil. This being understood, the vessels must be considered as boats or skills or canoe.s. The LXX seems to have another text, and gives ^iriffToXds /ii^Xii'05 = ' letters on parchment.' We have pro- fane testimony as to the use of papyrus, which is here generic for sedges, etc., for boats (I'lin. Nat. Hist. xiii. 22 ; Theophrast. //w<. PI. iv. 8), sails, mats, cloths, coverlets, and ropes. Gome' is mentioned in one other passage along with Ifdtieh (Is 35', LXX fXo$='a swamp,' AV and RV 'rushes'). If we adojit 'rush' as the generic expression to represent 'agmon, it would be better to take ' sedge ' as an equivalent generic expression for gome'. This will include the papyrus, Cyperus Papyrus, L., the bnbir or bardi of the Arabs; C. alepecuroides, Rotb., a species growing to tlie height of a man or taller, in the marshes of Egypt and the IJftleh, and used in making mats, etc. ; Llie Club Rush, or Bulrush, Scirpus maritimus, L.,