The standard works on Biblical Theology should be consulted on the leading ideas of the Epistle. With specific reference to St. Paul, Baur's Paulus (part 2, ch. iii., which incorporates the substance of his earlier essays on the subject) should still be read, also Usteri's /'. Lehrheg'riff C^lSSi), ana Pfleiderers highly suggestive Pattlinism. Essaj-s and studies on the theology of the Epistle are numerous. Among the more recent may be mentioned Ileadlum in Expos. Times, 1894, 1895; Beet in Expos. 1898 ; and some studies by the present writer, begim in Expos. 1899, but not as yet completed. On chs. 9-11, Bey- Bchhig, die Paul. Theodicre ; Morison (1849, on ch. 9. In 1866 he published an exposition of ch. 3). The integrity of the Epistle is discussed (in atldition to works cited, above, § viii.) in the earlier part of Mangold's /i^wn^rfrnV/.u.s.w., and by Lightfoot and Hort m articles reprinted in Lightfoot's Biblical Essays. Hurt's Lectures on liomans and Ephesians also deal with tliis and other introductory matters. 'The Eng. tr. of Meyer's com- mentary, that of Godet's Introd. to St. Paul's Epistles {^Mn\>. 1S91) antl the end of the Introduction on his commentary, may be referred to for additions to the above brief list. Works re- ferred to in the body of the above article are not in all cases enumerated here. A. UOBERTSON.
ROME. — The aim of this article is (1) to give an outline of the relations between Rome and the Jews during the period covered by tlie Scripture history ; (2) to describe the general aspects and life of the city at the time when it was first brought into contact ■with Christianity ; (3) to touch upon its associations with the names or writings of St. Paul, St. Peter, and St. John ; and (4) with some of the minor characters mentioned in the NT.
1. The first specific mention of Rome in Jewish literature occurs incidentally in 1 Mac 1'", where reference is made to 'a sinful root, Antiochua Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the king, who had been an hostage at Rome.' Political relations of a somewliat indefinite character were estab- lished by Judas Maccabxus in B.C. 161. By that date Rome had gained a position of unquestioniv' supremacy. The power of Carthage, which carried with it the control of the West, was broken at Zania in B.C. 202; the defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia in B.C. 190 made Rome arbiter in the East. A graphic picture of the reputation which Rome had created for itself in the East is found in 1 Mac 8''". It ascribes to the Romans some virtues in regard to which closer experience might have modified the judgment of Judas, and contains some inaccuracies in details, but is vivid and accurate in its spirit. The valour of tlie Romans, the terror with which they inspired their foes, the support which they ga\e to their allies, tlieir victories over Spain, over Philip and Antiochus, the constitution of the Senate, the absence of all the outward insignia of royalty, their freedom from envy and emula- tion, are all set forth in -tt-ords of laudation. On the strength of this conviction as to Roman power and policy, Judas sent Eupolemus the son of John, and Jason the son of Eleazar, to Rome with the view of establishing friendship and a treaty of alliance (1 Mac 8"). The object of Judas was to get rid of the Syrian yoke, and in accordance with its tradi- tional policy Rome readily recognized the Jewish autonomy in order to cripple SjTia ; but tliough they mutually pledged themselves to furnish a contingent if required, and not to assist any common enemy with ' victuals, weapons, money, or ships,' the treat'*' seems to have led to no de- finite action by either party. About eighteen years later, in B.C. 143, Jonathan, the brother and successor of Judas, sent representatives to Rome to renew and confirm the former alliance (1 Mac 12'-»-''). In B.C. 139, Simon, the brother of Jona- than, despatched an embassy, of which Numeiiius was the head, to Rome, with a great shield of gold, a thousand pounds in weight (1 Mac 14-*). The Romans graciously received the costly gift and entered into a formal treaty 'vvith Simon. They intimated the fact of that alliance to all the powers with which they themselves were friendly, and called on them to hand over to the Jews any 'pestilent fellows,' i.e. any political refugees who had found an asj'lum witfi them. Details of the embassy of Numenius are given by Jos. (Ant. XIV. viii. 5), though by a launder he assigns it to a later date. (For the literature on this embassy see Schiirer, HJP I. i. 268). To this date is prob- ably to be referred the obscure statement in Valerius Maximus (i. 3. 3), the authenticity of which is now generally acknowledged, that ' Cor- nelius Hisi^alus compelled the Jews, who had been trying to corrupt the Roman morals by the worship of Jupiter Sabazius (J" ZibdCth?), to go back to their own homes.' If the reference be correct, it would appear that bj- some of the suite of Numenius attempts at propagandism had been successfully made (see Reinacli, Textes relatifs ait Judaisme, p. 259, note 3). Though we can point to no definite statement, it is probable that after this date many Jews found their way to Rome in pursuit of business (Griitz, Eistory of the Jews, ii. 67 ; Berliner, Gcwh. d. Jud. in Rom, p. 5).