iv. The Saduucee.s and Jesu.s.— In the NT the Sadducees are mentioned by name only in Mt 3' 16'-6->"- (in the par.allel passage, Mk 8"if-, they are not mentioned), 22-='- »^, Mk 12'*, Lk 20", Ac 4' 5" 23°- '• '. They are not mentioned by name in St. John's Go.spel, where, however, we lind the e.\i)ression ' chief priests and Pharisees ' (7"-- •" 1 1"- " 18^) instead of the ' Phari.sees and Sadducees' of Mt and Mk. It was only towards the close of His life that our Saviour came into open conflict with them. They had little influence with the jieople, especially in religious matters ; His criticism was therefore mainly directed against the Pharisees and scribes, the supreme religions auUiorities, although, according to Mt 16"- ", He also warnetl His disciples against the leaven of the Sadducees, meaning, probably, their utterly .secular spirit. They, on their part, seem to have ignored Ilini, until, by driving the nKjney-ehangers out of the temple (Mt 21>=»^, Mk 11'="-, Lk I'J"'), He inter- fered with the prerogatives of the Sanhedrin. His acceptance of the Messianic title ' son of David ' also filled them with indignation against Him (Mt 21"'). They accordingly joined the scribes and I'liarisees in oiijm.sition to Him, and sought to destroy Him (Mk U", Lk 19-"), first, however, attempting to discredit Him in the ej'cs of the people, and to bringdown 11(1011 Him thevengeanceof the Romans, bj- their questions as to His authority, as to the resurrection, and as to the lawfulness of paying tribute to C.tsar (Mt 21-»'- 22^"'', Mk ll-'^''- 12^'"';, Lk 2U"f 'O"- '"«■ ; cf. Jn U""- »'). In the San- hedrin that tried Him they probably formed the majority, and the 'chief priests,' who ]iresided, belonged to their party. The ostensible ground on which thej' condemned Him was His claim to be the Messiah ; this was blas]iliemy against God, for which they decreed Him worthy of death (Mt 26'"'' , Mk M""-, Lk 22""-). But the Sadducees, at lea-st, were doubtless even more influenced by the fear that a .Missiaiiic movement led by Jesus might have disastrous political consei|uence8(cf. Jn ll*™).
After our Lord's Ascension tliey persisted in their opposition to Him in the person of His disciples (Ac 4"'- .')'"'• 2.3'"). We are not informc<l that any of them joined the infant Church ; for, as we have
352
SADDUK
SAINT
Been, the priests, a great company of whom were obedient to the faith (Ac 6'), were not necessarily of their party. According to Josephus (Ant. XX. ix. 1 ) they were also responsible for the death of James, the ' brother ' of our Lr)ril.
LiTBRATiTRB. — See literature at end of art. Piiaribees.
D. Eaton.
SADDUK (B 2a55oi'.XouKos, A ^dSSomos, AV S.uliluc), 1 F.s 8-. — Zadok the high priest, ancestor of ICzra (cf. Ezr 7').
SADOC— 1. [Sndoch) An ancestor of Esdras, 2 Es 1' = Zadok of Ezr 7". 2. (-aoJiK) A dcstendant of Zerubbabel and ancestor of Jesus, Mt l'*.
SAFFRON (C33-I3 karkGm, k/jAicos, crocus).— KHr- kiiin, the Arab, form of karkum, is defined in the Arab, dictionaries by znfardn, from which the Eng. word saffron is derived. Three sorts of plants are known in Arab, by the name zdfar&n: — (1) The genns Colchicum, of the order Liliacete. The three stj'Ies of the species of this genus are long, and often orange-coloured, but are not used in medicine or cookery. The corm and seeds are medicinal. (2) Carfhmnus tmctorius, L., the Sattlower or Bastard Saffron. This is an annual plant of the order Compositre, 3-5 ft. higli, having a head of orange-coloured flowerets as large as a walnut. These flowerets are employed for the same purposes a.s the true safi'ron, and, being much cheaper, tliey are used to adulterate tlie more costlj' commodity. They are also used in dyeing. The safUower is cultivated in large quantities near Damascus. (3) The genus Croctis, of the order Iridnce(s, of which there are eight species in Palestine and Syria, besides the cultivated C. sativus, L. The orange-coloured styles and dis- sected stigmas of all the species of this genus are collected and dried, and used as a colouring material and aromatic in the preparation of food, esp. to impart a yellow tinge to boiled rice. They were formerly employed in medicine as an anti- spasmodic and emmenagogue. The most abundant of tlie wild s|iecies of crocus is C. cnncellatus, Herb. Bot. The corms of this are edible, and are collected in considerable quantities, and sold in the streets of Damascus and other Oriental cities. They have a flavour somewhat like that of the chestnut. ZdfarAn is familiarly used for all the above-named jilants. On the other hand, kUrkiim is not commonly used for any. It is the classical name for the crocus alone, but not confined to any one species. In the only passage in which karkGm occurs (Ca 4"), i.e. among a list of cultivated garden aromatics, it prob. refers to C. sativus, L.
G. E. Post. SAHIDIC VERSION.— See Egyptian Veksions, vol. i. p. 609^
SAINT.— This stands in AV for two Heb. words. 1. tjnj (Aram. iJ'^p in Daniel) : (a) of men, Dt 33', Ps 16»34» 106i», Hos 11''- 1 [elsewhere and usually tr. 'holy'; see HoLlNKSsj; (6) of an(jels (a usage now obsolete), Dt 33=, Job 5' 15", Ps 89", Zee 14», DnS"; cf. Jude " and prob. 1 Th 3" T [RV in all except last ' holy one(s),' see Driver on Dn 8>s]. 2. rpo 1 S 29, 2 Ch 6", I'r 2«-(-16 t. in Psalms [also tr. 'godly,' 'holy,' 'merciful'; see, more fully, Driver, Par. Psalter, 443 f.]. Both these words, with few exceptions (tcij in Ps 4' 12' Wit) ^2' 86^ Mic '\ 1 S 2»(7), Pr 28, Dt 33"; Bins in Ps 106", but this is hardly an e.xception), are used in the plural or with a collective noun, i.e. of a class. Neither in the OT nor NT is it usual for a righteous man to be called individually ' a saint ' or ' the saint.' Tlie reason of this is that a man's standing in relation *iO (lod was not regarded as one of isolated conse-