in Bil)le instances of salutation, where one person falls upon the neck of another, the Heb. word for ' neck ' (ik;? znvvdr) is used in the dual [probably not plural] as indicating the two sides that are ki.s.sed (tin 27'» 33* 45" 46=^*, Ca 4»).
In Oriental salutation great attention is paid to asking after each other's health and general wel- fare, in the course of a call of courtcsj- or on an occasion of meeting. It is exceedingly trying to a Western, who craves some exchange of tliought, to have to answer these repeated inquiries after his health, more especially as every such inquiry begins another circulating decimal of devout commonplaces. It is owing to the prominence given to this matter that the visit of salutaLion in the Bible is often described as a health-inquiry ( 1 S lOMT"' 30-' liV gives the more general ' salute ' instead of 'ask of welfare' in 1 Ch 18'°). The union of reverence and all'ection in salutation is exei.iplilicd in Ex 18', IS 20'", 2S 14». The Balutation of bowing and kissing was employed in the wcjrship of Baal (Job 31-'', 1 K 19'").
The injunction, 'Salute no man by the way' (2 K 4», Lk 10*), referred to the inevitable delay Imposed by common courtesy in asking and answer- ing formal inquiries as to health, family, etc. The special responsibility of one sent by another is recognized by the (Jrientals, and the messenger is saved from the charge of rudeness by a proverb which says, ' The messenger has only to deliver his message.
(3) T/te deep-seated convirtion t/tat both blcsaing and cursing in salutation tend to work out their fulfilment. — It was of inijiortance to give or to withhold the salutation of ]ieace. The sahitation »t parting took the form of a benediction (Ku l"- '*, 1 S 20*^ 2 S ly"), and consequently the same word might mean 'rejoice 'or ' farewell ' (I'li 4*). This form of salutation is exemplitied in rich fulness at the close of the Pauline Epistles. When Christ said that the ' peace ' He gave was not after the
custom of the world, He referred to the emptiness that had come to mark salutations that once expressed a precise meaning and a sincere desire (Lk 24*", Jn 14-'' 20'"). The disciples were told that when they went forth in His name, and invoked the Divine blessing on a house, and were refused admittance and hospitality, then the blessing returned to those who had uttered it. It was their introduction to what has since become a familiar law in the Christian service, that whatever il forfeited for the Lord is found in llim.
G. M. Mackie. SALVATION, SAVIOUR.— The purpose of this art. is to give a general survey of the doctrine of salvation as developed within the period covered by the Biblical writings. Of necessity the subject stands in close relations with others treated in the Dictionary, and the reader is therefore recom- mended to consult, in addition to special articles on such subjects as Faith, Mediator, Keueemer, ItANSo.^i, Parousia, etc., the general articles on God, Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, IMessiah, Kingdom of God, and Eschatology. It will be the aim of this article, as far as possible, to avoid unnecessary repetition, and, passing over points of detail, to conhne itself to a bird's-eye view of the doctrine as a whole.
i. The Words, ii. The Idea (in ^neralX iii- History of the Idea.
1. In the old Testament.
2. Between the Testaments. 8. In the Teachhifj of Jesus.
4. In the New Testament : (a) In general ; (6) St. P»nl ;
(t:^ St. John. It, Systematic Statement.
L Nature of Salvation : (ff) temporal and spiritual ;
(6) individu.al and social ; (c) present and future.
2. Conditions of Salvation ; (a) on the Divine side ;
(6) on the human side.
3. Extent of Salvation : (a) in this lite ; (6) in the life to
come ; (c) in the universe.
i. The Words.— 'Salvation' is in OT tr. of a number of words, the principal of which are : •"'V'b';, VV: or yp;, mvyiD [only Ps 68-" HV 'deliverances'], n-i;ap, from the stem ys" (lit. ' to be broad, spacious ' ; only found in Niphal and Hiphil, thelatter with the meaning 'ileliver') ; in the N'T it is tr. of awnjpla, from awi'u ' to save ' (less frequently of ri awriipiov, neut. of the adj. awrqpioi ; e.g. Lk 2*" 3«, Ae 28'", Eph 6" ; cf. Tit 2" t) x^P<-^ '''"" ^f"" <r<^p^oi, ' the grace of God bringing salvation '). Otiicr words translated ' save ' in our VSS are in OT n.'n and ■Xii'T (l^iel and Hiphil of n;ij 'to live,' with the meaning 'to keep living,' 'to save alive'; so Gn 12'- 19'" 45' [liV] 50-°, E.X !"• >», Nu 22^^ 31'», Dt '20'», Jos 2'" 0^, Jg 8'" 21'*, 1 S 27", 1 K 18° 20", 2 K 7*, Ezk Vi'"- "•, and esp. Ezk 3'" 18", where the reference is to escape from penalty through repentance) ; VsT (lit. ' to snatch away,' with meaning 'deliver,' by which it is usually rendered both in AV and KV ; i^.g. 1 S 12" and often. The tr. ' save ' occurs in AV only 2 S 19"). t:^? (Piel of unused tj^v 'to slip away, ' to escape,' with meaning ' to let or cause to escape,' hence 'to deliver'; 1 S 19", 2 S 19', 1 K 1", Job 20-°, Jer 48'", and 2 S 19° KV, Jer 516. «). y,^ (m .j^ keep,' 'to preserve'; Job 2", IIV ' spare '). In NT the word 'save' is usually the translation of <ruf<j, but the compound Staauiu is rcnilered ' save ' in three instances (Lk 7^ RV, where AV renders 'heal,' Ac 27*», 1 P 3-^ cf. Ac 23« ' to brinjj safe'; elsewhere 'escape' Ac 27** 28', or 'make whole' Mt 14*"), and the same is true in one ca.se (2 P 2° AV) of (pfMnau (lit. ' to guard,' ' to preserve,' so RV). The jihraso irfpijroiT/ffit fvxvi in He lO" is rendered ' saving of the soul ' in iKjth versions.