LiTBRATDRK. — The Literature, which Is voluminous, Is widely scattered, all the more important Commentaries, as well aa works on Biblical Thcologj', contributing directly or indirectly to the subject. For monographs on special phases of the doctrine the reader is referred to the literature given in the special articles on Escuatology, Faitu, Ji^stipicatics, Parousia, IlANSoM, RnuiuiiTiaK, etc Here only a general survey can be given.
On Salvation In general, of. Cremer, mb.-Theol. hex, ». ra^ft-, ftirr.fi, rttrxpia.; M'Clintock-Strong, artt. 'Saviour' and 'Salvation': Ilerzog, ilK'-^, artt. ' Heil ' and 'Erlosung'; Uitschl, Jiecht/frtitiunfj xind Vfrgithming, vol. ii. ; Kithler, 'Zur Ijehre von der Versuhnung,' in Dogmatuche Xeit/raiien, ii. 1898 J Gesa, Chrigti Perunn und Wfrk (1870); Thoraasius, Chritti Perton und Werk (18S0); Bri^rgs, 'The Biblical Doctrine of Salvation,' in Church Ununx. N.Y., Jan. 1897.
On the doctrine of Salvation in OT, cf. the Biblical Theologies, esp. Schultz, 6th ed. (p. .102 ft.), Dillniann (p. 411 H.), Kiehm, Smend, Kayser-Marti, Fiepenbring (Eng. tr. p. 207 ff.); Briggs, Meisianic f'rovhfci/ ; Duhin, ThfohgU der Propheten (18«5) ; Adeney, The llehn-w Utopia (1879).
On the period between the Testamonts, cf. Ofrorer, Jahrhun- dert den lit^ils, ii., esp. chs. 8-10; Drummomi, Jewish MevMah (1877); Stanton, Jeu-uh and Christian M'Hsiah; Schiirer, IIJP; Weber, JUdinche Theolajie', 1897. Much informfttlon may also be obtained from the notes in Charles* editions ot Enoch, Secrets of Enoch, Apocalypse of Baruch, and Assump- tion of Moses, as well a» from his Escht ' ' anti Christian, 18!>ll.
'schatuh'jy, Hebrew, Jnpith,
On the NT doctrine, besides the Biblical Theologies of Weiss, Beyschlag, Reuss, Bovon, Stevens, Could, and esp. Holtzmann cf. Klaiber, Nnitegt. Lebre von der .Siinde urwf KrlogiLntj (1836) ' Weudt, Lehrt Jwu; Uorton, Teaching o/ Jews; QUbert,
374
SAMAIAS
SAM.iEIA
Eevelafrono/ Jesxtg(\SOQ); Pfleiderer, Paulinifrmvs^; McGiffert, Apostolic Afje ; Briggs, Messiah of the Gottpeh, Me&siah of the AiJOSties ; Stevens, J^auliiie Theology, Johannitu Theolo<jy ; Everett, Gospel of Paul (1S93) ; du Rose, Soterwhijy of the NT (1392); M^n^soz, La Thiolngie de. L'£jtUre aux II ilhreux (ISdi), Le Pt'chi et la Redemption d'apris St. Paul (18S2); Nosgen, Uc-ediichte der NT Offenbarunfi (ii. p. 300 IT.); Cone, The Gospel and its earliest interpretations (lb9:j) ; Baldensperger, Selbstbewusstsein Jesu^ (1S02) ; Titius, Vie Ncutest. Lehre von der Seligkeit (1895) ; M6negoz, ' Le Salut d'apr68 renseigneraent de J&us-C;hri8t,' in Re«. Chrit. 1899, i.\. pp. 401-421 ; W. Bousset, JesuPredifjt inihreTnGe(jensatzzumJudt;ntttm{lii92')', Uornack, Das Wesen des Christentums (1900 ; En;;, tr. 1901).
On special points in connexion witli the doctrine, cf. the various monographs on the Kingdom of God by Schnedermann, Schuioller. Issel, J. Weiss, Bnice, Boardnian, Toy {Judaism and Christianity, pp. 303-371); Schmidt, Die pautin. t'hristol. in ihrem /. usainvienhani^ tnit der Ileilslehre des Apostels dargcs- (#^^((1870); Cremer, Die paulin. Rechtfertigungslrhreim Zusanl- vtenhang ihrer gesch. Voraussetzun{ten (19110); Werille, Der Christ und die Siinde bei Pauius (^1897) ; Kabisch, Eschatologie des Paulits (1893); Teiclimann, Die pautin. Vorstelluiujen von Aufrrstehuwj uiid Gfri^ht, und iJtre Beziehunq zurjiid. Apoca- lyptik (1890); Schlatter, Der Glaube iin t}Ti (1895), 'Der biblische BegrifE der Hn&de' (Schrift und Geschichte, pp. 177- 217); Riehm, Der Be g riff der Siihne im AT (1877); Kuhl, Die Heilshedeutung des Todes Christi (1890); Seeberg, Der Tod Christi in seiner £ledeulun{jfilr die Lrlostin'j(l&9^) • E. Cremer, Die stellvertretende Iledeutung des Todes Christi (1892) ; Gave, Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrijice^ (1890) ; Gunkel, Die Wirkungen des HcUigen Geistes (1888) ; Weinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes und der Geister (1899) ; M'C. Edgar, The Gospel of a Risen 6'a(^ioiir (1892) ; Milligan, The Resurrection of our 7-ord(lS81); Salmnnd, The Christian Doctriiie of Immortality, 4th ed. 1901 ; Sch\v:i\\y, Das Leben nach dem Tode {\&92)', Chaxlea,Eschatologi/, Hebrew, Jewish, and Christian (1S99).
W. Adams Bkown. SAMAIAS (So/ialos). — 1. Shemaiah, one of the chiefs of the Levites in Josiah's reign, 1 Es 1" (cf. 2Ch 35"). 2. 1 Es8»''= Shemaiah, of the sons of Adonikain, Ezr 8'^
SAMARIA.— 1. d'nct!', that is, ShomMn, ' watch- mountain ' ; ^afidpeia, ^enepijjv, ^o/xepuiv, 'Zop.tjpujv, 'Zoip.oiplliv ; Jos. (Ant. VIII. xii. 5), liniiapelv ; Euseb. (Onom.), ^e/iTipuv ; Samaria) The capital of tlie kingdom of Israel. The Assyrian, Samirina (Ins. of Tiglatli - pileser III., Sargon, etc.), and the <ireek and Latin forms of tlie name, come from the Aramaic in^y. A characteristic derivation of the name is given, in 1 K 16^ (KV, cf. Jos. Ant. VIII. xii. 5), where we are told that Samaria was built by Oinri who bought the ' hill of Samaria ' from Snemer, and, having fortified it, called the name of the city that he built Shomer6n (Samaria) after Shemer. (See discussion of etymology by Stade in ZATWv. lG.51f.)
Commanding the roads from Shechera northwards to Esdraelon, and westwards to the coast, and situated within easy reach of the Mediterranean, no better sile could have been selected for the fortified cipital of the Northern kingdom. Tlie hill ('mountain of Samaria' Am 4' 6', Sir 50^) rises from 300 to 400 feet above the bed of a broad fertile valley (perhaps the ' field of Samaria' Ob " KV), and is isolated on all sides but the east, where it is connected with the hills (' mountains of Samaria' Am 3', Jer 31°) by a low narrow saddle. On three sides it is surrounded and overlooked by hills clothed with olive and vine, but they are beyond the range of catapult and bow, and so were not a source of danger. On the fourth side the hill.s are low, and the view over them to tlie west, with the blue waters of the Mediterranean in the distance, is one of exceptional beauty. This charm of position, in a ricli 'fat' vallej', bordered by vine-clad hills, formed part of that ' glorious beauty ' which made Samaria the ' crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim' (Is 28'"*).