Though we do not accept Bndde's identification of the older and later narratives with J and E ol the Hexateuch, we have retained these symbols aa representing approximately the age and character- istics of the two sources from wliich the history of these books is derived. Apart from minor inter- polations and additions, the parts belonging to the respective sources are as follows : —
J I Q'-IO'*"" ll'->'-M 131-7*. IJb-lS J41-<«. M igi<-9 J§5.« (japtlrl-ll. 20-80 20''"'- •*"*• ■"'' 22''*"''*- 2u-a 031-ito 26. 27. 29-31, II 1 1-* '»"•"• ■'-"
01-«. lOb. I2-S3 3_ 4^ gl-S. •-». 17-211 g_ 9-11. 12'"''
13-31 131-20^.
J, I 108 l^k-lH.. 19-23,
^ I 11-28 2n-22a.23-2« 3i^u (all Ej) 4"'-7» 7»-8« (Eo) 10"-«(Ej) 12. (E„) 15--« 17'-"- "■» 18>-*- 13-19 291. «-«•»•" 21''*'22" 23"'-24" 25. 28 jj je-io. is-16 'J
RJB I lo-a-" ll"-»'l5' 18='" 19'-»-' 20"-"-«-«»'
22'» (last cl.) 23''"»-"' 24" (in part) »■=»,
II 1». RD I 4'8 (last cl.) V (in part) 13' 14"-»' 28»,
II 2'"*- " 5''- ' 8 (based in part on older
materials) 12'»-'».' Additions of the latest editor, I 4"- » B""- "• "•
'«• '» (the larger number) ll*"" 15' (last ed.)
24" 30», II S* 5»- (last cL)"^'" 15« (in
part) 2ff»-=«.
• The Deuteronomic redactor of the Book of Judges omitted l>-2' 9. 17-21, perhaps also cb. 16 (see Sanson, p. 878>:V
SAilUEL, I. AND II.
SAMUEL, I. AND II.
385
Latest na.l it ions, I2'-'»-«" 16'"" 17"-" lO"*"" 2110-18 003, II 14M, and the Appendix 21-24.
iv. Analysis. — (a) I 1-15. — From the birth of Samuel to the rejection of Saul.
(1) l'-4'*(Eo). Early history of Samuel, including the liistory of'KIi and his house, and the announce- ment of its downfall.
These chapters serve as an introduction to 4i-7l, and appear to l>e eimiewiial later than tliat section. From their represen- tation (1) of Samuel and his office, and (2) of Israel's subjection to the I'hilistines, it is clear that they both belong to E, though probably to dillcrent strata. The Song of Hannah (2ili>) is undoubtedly a verj- late addition : (a) tjie Song is probably a triumphal ode composed on the occasion of some national suc- cess (w.*. 10) : (6) there is no special reference to the circum- stances of Hannah— the fact of its being attributed to her is due probably to a misconception of the motaphor employed in v.""; (c)a comparison with the LXX text of 2H"( = lleb. lasb) shows that the .Song was inserted at a different place in that version (see Driver on I S V^). Another insertion is 222i> (from and how that) ; it is out of place after tv.»>-", and is omitted by the LXX (note the use of Va-.l instead of VlK). Tlie an- nouncement of the anonymous prophet (227-sa^ cannot also in its present form belong to the original narrative : (a) the text, especiallv of w.^isi (LXX omits v.3"> and a2»). Is in great dis- order and unintelligible ; (b) tlie establishment of the monarcliy Is presupposed v. 35 ; (c) v. 36 clearly dates from the period after Josiah's reformation, and presupposes the central sanctuary at Jerusalem (Oort, ThT xviii. p. 3u9f.); (rf) the 'faithful jiriest' of V.85 is not Samuel, as we might exi>ect from ch. 3, but ^dok, who superseded Abiathar, the grandson of Eli, under Solomon (1 K 2*>). The passage, which has obviously been expanded by the Deuteronomic editor, probably foretold the destruction of Eli's house, and the succession of Samuel.
(2) 4"'-7' (E). The defeat of Israel by the Philis- tines at Aphek and its results, viz. the death of Eli and the capture of the ark ; farther history of the ark and its restoration.
In these chapters, which form a closely connected whole. It Is noticeable (1) that the main interest centres in the history of the ark ; (2) that Samuel is never even mentioned ; (3) that the destruction of ttie house of Eli, which forms the real sequel to 1MI», is treated merely as a side issue of the defeat. On these grounds it has been argued with some force that this section is independent of the chapters that precede; the latter were probably added with a view to supplementing the un- doubtedly old account of the fall of the house of Eli, and of the capture of the ark. The original beginning of the section (41'') is to be restored from the L.XX {wi iyuntiri y rait fi^ipan
ixtiimn km'i rvtatipoi^aiTou it^^i^i/Xoi lit TeAl/xtfv itri 'Irpxr.k); 4'^' 1^
(last clause) and 22 are rejected by most critics as redaction.^1 glosses. For the additions of the L.\X in 66 61, and its various rewlings in 6*-6, see Driver, Heb. Text 0/ Sam, n. 47 f. : unless we accept the readings of the LXX, 6** (to the land) must be rejected as a gloss ; while 1"»- (from vrith the mice) 10- 17- is*- (to villaoet) 10 Ui/ty thoiuand men) will likewise be later insertions.
(3) 7'-" (Ej). Samuel as judge ; the rout of the Philistines at Mizpah ; summary of Samuel's judicial activity.
The position here occupied by Samuel Is that of m Judge (o:,?), in the sense In which that term is used In the pre- Deuteronomic Isook of Judges (2«-1631 ; see Moore, Judget, p. xxiif.). At his command the people put away their * strange gods,' and assemble for rejientance and fasting at Mizpah ; in answer to his prayers on their behalf, the Philistines are miracu- lously defeated ; and so complete is their defeat, that 'they came no more within the borders of Israel.' The section thus gives a similar representation of the position of Samuel and of Israel's political condition to that of the later {E.) of the two account* of the choice of Saul as king (8. IQi'" 1'2), to which it sencs as an introduction. To Ri^ is probably to be pssigned the chronological note {for it wat tO i/*?on») in v. 2, the name Eben- ezer In v.i'^, and the statement as to Samuel's jiuiicial work In V.16. Ebenezer, as we know from 41 61, was the scene not of Israel's victor>', but of its defeat. For the linguiHtic resem- blances to the rwlaction of Judges, see Driver, LOi"^ p. 177 f. It seems probable that the present section has been inserted here In place of an earlier account ; for, as Driver points out (li. p. 174), 'the existing narrative does not explain (1) how the Philistines reached tlibeah(lu* et«.) and secured the ascendency implied (iai»'), or (2) how Shiloh suddenly disiiiipears from history, and the priesthood located there reappears shortly afterwttnis at Nob (ch. 22). That some signal disaster befell Shiloh maybe Inferred with certainty from the allusion In Jer 714 2jm (cf. Ps 78«i). ' See art. SniMill.