SANCTUARY
SANCTUARY
395
and aniiiiatiiis;, and so in utter reliance on His miglity initiative. A moral conflict there is, a stnijigle that taxes tlie nerves of the soul and ex- ercises all its vigilance ; but it is a conflict «/ faith (1 Ti ()'-). conducted in reliance upon Divine re- sources (Christ, and the Holy Spirit ever taking of His things and inspiring the soul), not in self- sufficiency (see Gal 2-'<> in contrast to Ko 10-f- ""-8' 3-"). The normal, and not only the intenuittent, issue of such a conflict may be victory, and that without prescribed limit. Failure is due to imper- fection of receptivity, intermittent 'abiding.' Yet, where this is understood, failure but strengthens for fuller victory, by deepening the sense of de- pendence ; ' for when I am weak, then am 1 strong ' (2 Co 12'»).
LiTER.vTrBE.— The general literature is much the same as for Hr.GENERATliiN, the sections in Martensen's Doymatic« bein^' 9|ie<lnllv e"iHl and susgestive. Much bearinn mi our tojiic will al-ol.c foumlin books on the llolvSjilrit, e.g. kuy|ier, Tlie Work ' there cited.
lilvrature of Its own. And in recent times a large literature has arisen, devoteil to the e.\|)erimcntal side of the subject as phiced Id relief bv the so-called ' Holiness Movement,' of which ' Perfec- tionism ' is one special phase. Hut such literature is not, as a rule, marked bv much exegetical precision, and is ant to confuse the Biblical and' iloj-matic standpoints. The most scholarly books of this type are those of I'rof. 11. C. G. Moulo of (.'ambridge, e.ij. ThoiliiUH on C/iriKliiin Sn net i/i/ and Outliuen of CkrlHtUm Jloclriiit. There is a painplilet bv .1. A. Beet, entilled ' Holiness, as understood bv the Writers of the liiblo ' (H'^). which examines the passages bearing on Sanctiflcation in a careful and scholarly wav. Hut In few t)ooks, save formal Biblical Theologies, Is suliicient account taken of the standpoint and emphasis of the several Hlbllcal writers, and In general of the psychological c.mditlons Involved in reducing their experimental language to thcry. J. V. BARTLET.
SANCTUARY. —The ideas underlying .' sanc- tuary,' a sacred or 'holy place' (•>:V'?°. •>:'T — the foriiier, however, is rarely, the latter never, used ill 1 11" of the local sanctuaries, for which the C'anaanit« term ^7? is regularly employed *), form part of the larger group of ideas associated with 'holy,' 'holiness,' etc., which have been analyzed and "di.scussed in their manifold applications in the arti.le ni>I.INi;ss IN <)T (vol. ii., see esp. p. S<M>). In dealing with early tSemitic religion, the term ' sanctuary ' is used in a wider and a narrower application. On the one hand, the whole territory ill which a particular deity is worshipped was in a .sense his sanctuary; in this sen.so Canaan, '.J"'s land' (Hos<)3), is also His house (8' fliii) and a 'holy land ' (Zeph 3"). < )n the other hand, in every such territory there were particular spots which were n".'arded ;us the favourite haunts of the god, at wliiih he had manifested his power in the past, and was supposed to be still peculiarly accessible to his worshippers. Such primitive sanctuaries consisted of imposing natural objects— in particu- lar, mountains, springs of water with the fertile spots around them, a wide-spreading tree with the ground beneath it.s shade, or more arbitrarily .sele(!led sjjots associated with visible manifestalions of the deity (theophanies). When the Hebrews entered r.ilestine they found the land thickly studded with such local sanctuaries, each of them a centre of Canaanite worship. As the country gradually came under their control, its sacred places 111 came ip.io fnHn sanctuaries of the national God, .lahweh. Only a few typical examples can be men- tioned lierc,t reference being made once for all to the special articles on the places named.
• That 'sanctnarv' <mH-rlt~iuh\ and 'high jilace' {Mmd/i) are svnonvmous In the' older literature Is evident from Am '•« and Is nai. Ct. Kzk 202«f- where ' high hill ' also appears as a syno- nvin of 'high place.'
' * A Oerriian scholar, Frelherr von Oall, has reoenUy Investi- gated over one hnmlrfd. V.. and W. of tho .Ionian. In Ills monograph on ancient laraellte sanctuaries (Alliiirael. Kult- uutttn, m»).
(a) Comparativelv Ihiiltcd in number arc the Instances where »pringM and uellD are attested as tho sites of sanctuaries in our extant literature. The best known are the ancient sanctuary ol Kkkiuiikha, associated by tradition with Abraham (Gn -'131) and Isaac CJlSaS), and reuiining its sanctity to a late date (see below) ; Kauesii (t:'.?!"" "holy place'), also named En-mishpator Judfnncnt- spring (14"), and Bkeb-lauai-roi (10". H). Ginox, the modern Virgin's fountain, on the west side of the Kidron ravine, was the site of Solomon's consecration, and therefore a sanctuary of repute (1 K 133. 39) ; bis rival Adonijah assembled his friends by another sacred spot. ' the Serpent stone ' (Zoiieletii), which was bv En-rogel, the fuller's spring (1 K 19).
" (6) More numerous were the Micred trees, which played an Imiiurtant part In the religion of tho heathen Semites, and are still objects of veneration among the fellahln of Syria, as the pieces of cloth hung on their branches and the fragments of liroken pottery underneath amply testify. Abraham's lirst altar on the soil o'f Canimn was raised beneath the shade of the terebinth of Moreu (Un ISC' UVm) at 'the place of Shechem,' an elo(|uent witness to the extreme antiquity of this oracular sanctuary. Here were buried the objectionable images of .Jacob's household (36'1) : and the same tree, no doubt, is associ. uted with Joshua (.Jos '^420^) and Abimelech (,lg i)6). Of equal antiquitv was another sanctuarv, the terebinths of Mamee at Hebron '(Gn 181S). These tree-sanctuaries, indeed, figure with peculiar frequence in the legends of the patriarchs— a fact which is to bo interpreted as imiilving their existence long before the Hebrew conquest. Besides those already noted at Shechem and Hebron, others are found at Beersheba (Gn 2133), at a spot near Bethel (:i58), and, from alater period, at 0|>hrah (.Ig Mil- 24). The fact that justice was uniformly dispeni-cd under religious sanction and iirotection Implies the' [iresence of a sanctuary at the palm of Deborah (.Ig 45)— by several recent scholars ideiili- fled with the 'oak of weeping' (see Aelon-Baci-tu) of Gn :).)»— and at Gibeah, where, according to the better Greek text, Saul sat under the tamarisk 'at the high place' (see p. liiTb note), apparently to administer justice. Under the monarchy, indeed, these tree-sanctuaries were multiplied indefinitely, as we learn from the vigorous polemics of the later [irophets against the 'altars upon every high hill, in all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree and under every thick oak, the |ilaco where thev did" ofl'er sweet savour to all their idols' (Kzk CIS; cf. l)t 122,' ,Ter 220 and often, Is .')T-').* For the sacred [lolc or 'ilHhfrah, wliieh some authorities regard as a substitute for the hving tree, see Asuekaii, vol. 1. p. 16.'). , , .„