SEAL, SEAL SKIXS
SEA-MO>,'STER
42;
it is said tliat believers are sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise (Eph 1'^) ; sealed unto the day of redemption (4**) ; sealed and having, in the Spirit within us, the earnest of what we shall be (2 Co l'").
Working back from the early assimilation of baptism to circumcision as a seal (Ueruius, Sim. viil. 6 ; 2 Clem, vii.), some have interpreted the sealings just mentioned as directly referring to the baptismal rite. Hut Lightfoot seems to be justified in queslionin;:; (2 Clem, vii.) whether 'St. Paul or St. John {e.g. Rev 9*) used the ima|je with any direct reference to baptism.' Hatch (Ilibbert Lectures, p. 295) and Hamack {Dogmengesch. I. i. 151) trace the bajitism sense of aippayit to the Greek mysteries ; but Anrich (Mystei-ienicesen, p. 12011'.) gives in his adherence to the belief that the origin of the use is tlie Jewish view of circumcision as a seal (see Anrich for illustr., and Sanday-Headlam on Ro4").
One peculiar lij-Tirative use remains to be noticed. St. Paul, in speaking (Ro 15^) of handing over the collection to the saints at Jerusalem, describes his act as 'sealing to them this fruit' (of his ell'orts, or of the spiritual blessings that had gone fortli from the Jews). The simplest explanation seems to be that of Theodore of Mopsuestia : that the apostle is referring to the solemn and exact formalities of the transaction — a view which Deissmann supports from the papyri of Fayyftm, wliere such sealing of wheat-sacks and the like stands for a guarantee that they contain the amount they profess to con- tain. St. Paul desires to act like a conscientious merchant, and to guarantee formally that he hands over the amount due from him. The suspicions w hich some of his enemies had set afloat, tnat he helped himself from the collection, must be defi- nitely and completely foreclosed. J. Massik.
SEAL, SEAL SKINS.— See Bauger.
SEAMEW (RV Lv 11", Dt 14").— See CuCKOW.
SEA-MONSTER.— This Eng. term occurs only twice in RV (text) : Gn 1" ' God created the great Bea-moiisters ' (AV 'great whales,' LXX t4 k^t?;), and Job 7'- ' Am I a sea or a sea-monster (AV ' whale,' LXX SpiKwv), that tliou settest a watch over me ? ' The Heb. in both these passages is p;B (plur. cj';j3 and crjn), which has been supposed to come from an (unused) root jjn = ' stretch,' 'ex- tend,' an<l so to signify properly an elongated animal (see (Jes. TItes. 1511). The word \'in, in addition to these two occurrences, is used of ser- pents or serpent-like creatures in Ex l'"- [P ; JE and R use rnj, LXX J^u, in the similar passages 4^ and ""], Dt 32", Ps 91" ; perhaps the crocodile is in view in Is 27' 51', Ezk 29* 32^ (see small type below), Ps 74" ; large water animals * of .some kind are designated by it in Jer 51 [Gr. 28]**, Ps 148'. In all these pa.ssages the LXX tr. j-je by SpiKuv, RV has ' dragon,' except in Ex "i"- ' ser- |ient' (RVm, 'Heb. tannin, any large reptile'); and I's 91" 'serj)ent' ; in Ps 74" RVm has 'sea- monsters,' in 14S' 'or sea-monsters or waterspouts.'
In Neh 2" we hear also of the '/!n hattannln (' well of the dragon,' LXX inrW) '^^' ovkQv, ' fountain of the hgs,' evidently confusing pjn Willi z-;fa ' figs').
Quite a difTerent t«nn, aIthou(;h it has sometimes been con* fuwd t witli it botli by copyinta (p;n, LXX };«j«.tm, o( La 4^ is a iixiual error tor D';n, wliile, conversely, D';n ot Ezli 29> 32' (LXX in ali )/>•«•>) should be |';?J and by interpreters, is O'JS
' Tile creature wliich is said to have swailowed Jonah (see roi. iL p. 750) is called simply a great llah ("^nj jl), Jon 1" lUeb. and Ur. 21J. The familiar ' whale' comes from LXX xifnf *,jMym.\ rfpro<luced in the xr,tM of Mt Vi^.
t Pooouk in \i\s Commentary oti Mic l^* (1077)flrbt8howed that tlijse two worls hwl been confused, and pointed out that O'JJ must denote some kind of jackal.
(once Mai 13, if the text is correct, Mia, LXX d«'juaT« = Heb. niK3 ; cf. Jer 99 ('"I, Ps 6513), the plur. ol Cunusi.il) [f, which means some beast that haunts solitary placcji, )»rol)ablv the jackal. Its occurrences are Is 13'^^ 34i» 35' 432<i_ Jer g'"!''! 10'^ U» 493S 6137, Mic 18, Ps 4420(19) (i( the text U correct, but sf-e Cheyne or Wellh.), Job 3022 (in all these passages AV has ' dragons," • KV 'jackals'], La 4^ (AV [wrongly] ' sea-monsters," f m. * sea-calves,' RV ' Jackals "X
Another monster, belonging to the same cate- gory as tannin, is Leviathan (jci;;^ liwydthun, prob. = ' wreathed,' 'coiled'), which appears as a denizen of the waters in Ps 104^ ' liwyatliun whom thou hast formed (if\i'.) to play therein ' (or ' with him,' 'la-pns"^, LXX ^/xTra/feiv a-uTif), and Job 41"'- [Heb. 40^""]. In the first of these passages the whale is often supposed to be referred to, in the second the crocodile, which last may be the reference also in I's 74'*, where liwyatlidn is ajj- parently symbolical of Egypt. In Job 3* [where it is not necessary to read, with Gunkel, d; ' sea' for Di' ' day '] magicians are supposed to be able to ' rouse up ' (-nj/ ; B x^^P'^'""'^''^'-) this monster. On Is 27' see below. [LXX in ali these passages tr. IC'l^ by bf>6.Kwv, except in Job 3", where it has ri (o^o K77TOS ; Aq., Symm., and Tlieod., where they are extant, always transliterate XcmaBav, except in this same passage in Job, where Theod. has opditui"]. Leviathan is referred to also in Enoch 60'-9, 2 Es 6*»-" ; cf. Apoc. Bar 29*.