LlTEBATtTRE.— Ewald, Biit. of I^ael, v., London, 1S80, pp. 28©- 864 ; Schiirer, BJP I. i. 1(;»-185,— for genealogy', I. ii. 393 ; Ryssd in art. ' Syrien ' in PRE 3 xv. 176 f.. Driver, Daniel, pasniu.
J. Macpherso.v. SELEUCUS I. (Nikator), the founder of tha Seleucid dynasty, on the death of Alexander, in B.C. 323, after a successful conflict secured recogni- tion for himself under this title as ruler over all the countries between the Hellespont and the Mediter- ranean on the one side, and the Indus and Jaxartes (Sir-Daria) on the other. In the partition ol
SELEUCUS II.
SELF-SURRENDER
433
temtoriea which took place in B.C. 321 he obtained the governorship of Babylon, and, though driven out by Antigonus in B.C. 316, he succeeded in B.C. 312 in establishing himself in the Babylonian pro- vinces in the east as well OS in the Syrian provinces in the west. He then founded the Seleucid dynasty, which held its place for about two hundred and hfty years. He died by the hand of an as.sassin in n.c. 282. He is the captain ( v) of the king of the South, I'toleniv Soter of Kgypt, referred to in Dn 11' as having become stronger than the king. Ue founded several cities which became famous, among them Antioch and Apaniea on the Oronte-s, Laodicea and Seleucia, Edessa and Bera'a. He settled many Jews, who had served their time under him, in Antioch and others of the cities founded by him, and conferred upon them all the rights of citizen- ship.
LlTERATORE.— Josephus, Ant. xu. iii. 1 ; Srliiirer, HJP n.L U«, ii. 271 ; Ewald, Ul v. 237 ; Drivur, Daiii.l. .t.x.vv. I(i5t.
.1. M.\CP1IKRS0N. SELEUCUS H. (Callinicus), king of Syria, B.C. 24G-2iJ, son of the grandson of Nikulor, Antiochus II. Tlieos. His mother, Laodice, having murdered the Egj'ptian princess Berenice, Ptolemy Euergetes, the brother of the murdered lady, in order to avenge his sister's death, invaded the territories of the njTian monarch, and plundered Syria and Babylonia. Keference to this episode is made in Dn U'"*. Ptolemy took possession of Seleuci.a, which for a considerable time was retained by the Egj'ptians. Seleucus afterwards sought to retali- ate, and for this purpose led an expedition against Egj'iit, but was immediately jmt to flight. We have no particulars about the close of his reign.
I.ITKRATCRB. — Bevan, Short Com. on Daniel, 1892, pp. 174-177 ; Kwald, UI V. 271, 2S3 ; Driver, DanUI, 167 f.
J. Macpher.son.
SELEUCUS HI. (Ceraunus), king of Syria, B.C. 22i>-L'J3, son of Callinicus and brother of Antioclius the Great. These brothers are referred to in Dn 11'° in the word ' his sons.' Seleucus did not make war directly with Egypt, but his campaign in Asia Minor may be regarded as preliminary to the expeilition carried out against Egypt by his brother. Seleucus was killed in that camjiaign, after a reign of two years, before the accession of Ptolemy rhilopator, against whom Antioclius fouglit unsuccessfully (cf. Driver, Daniel, 10811'.).
J. Macpheiko.v.
SELEUCUS lY. (Philopator), king of Syria, B.C. 187-175, son of Antiochus the Great and brother of Antiochus Epiphanes. Dn 11*" refers to this Selencus, whether we understand the writer to speak of him as .sending an exactor, or (transposing two words) as himself the exactor who rises up in the place of his father. In the former case, we shall unilerstand by the exactor Heliodorus, whom Sel- euiMis Is said (2 Mac 3' 5'") to have .sent to obtain the money trea.sured up in the temple of Jenisalein. Bevan nrefers the above transposition, remlering tlie paiwage ttius : ' And there shall ari.se in his place an exactor, who shall cause the royal dignity to pa.ss away.' Such a designation would be very suitable for Seleucus, who was notorious for his avarice. He is spoken of in 2 Mac 3^ as ' the king of Asia.' In 1 Mac ■?', 2 Mac 14' he is alluded to as father of Demetrius, and in 2 Mac 4' mention is made of his death, and of the fact that he was Bucceeiled by Antiochus. After having reigned twelve years, Seleucus was murdered, some say by Heliodorus, his minister, who sought to win the kingdom to him.self ; but others say at the instigation of his brother Antiochus, who was on his way from Home, where he bad been detained for some years as a hostage. This latter view seems to bo most agreeable to the language of Daniel.
vol. IV. — 28
LrrERATUKR. — Bevan, Short Com. on Daniel, p. 185 f. ; Schiiror, HJP I. i. 172, also his art. 'Seleucus' in Riehm, Uamltrortrr- btich, p. 1467; Ewald, Ul v. 291 f., 304; Driver, Danifl, pp. xxxviii, 101 f., 178 (.; Fairweather and Black, J Sloe pp. 14U, 159, 189 ; J08. 4»t. XII. iv. 10. J. MACPHERSON.
SELF-SURRENDER. — By this title we may understand to be indicated the fundamental principle of Christianity on its subjective side, riie roots of it may be traced back in the OT and further to the jirimitive instincts of religion. Schleierniacher's deUnition of religion as ' the sense of dependence' is defective and one-sided in leaving out of account this most essential element. It is seen in an extreme form in the extravagance of pagan fanaticism. The Indian fakir, the yogi who abandons himself entirely to religious devotion, aims at making the most absolute surrender of his life and person ; and yet it is seen that pride, self- will, vanity, and various self-regarding attections are not excluded by the extremity of fanaticism, and therefore some deeper if not more demonstra- tive experience must be looked for in real self- surrender. The OT prepares for this, and the NT shows the way of completely realizing it.