Eected and startling result discloses itself, which as involved students of the NT in great per- plexity.
6. Let us first, for clearness, explain briefly the usage of the expression in Biblical Hebrew.
In Biblical Hebrew, din -js or oixn -ja ' sons of man' (or 'of men,' — onsj being a collective term) occurs frequently, — though not so frequently as ci!;(rt) alone, and chiefly in poet, and later Heb., — to denote mankind in general (Gn 10', 1 S 26'^ 2 S 7>S Ps ll^(°l 12'-8t--«» 14= etc.j.t The sing, din-js 'sen of man' {i.e. not son of an individual man, t ut son {i.e. member) of the germs man) also occurs, viz. (a) in the address to Ezekiel 2'- ' 3'- ', and more than 90 times besides (so also Dn 8" ; cf. Enoch 60'» 71") ; (i) occasionally in poet, parallelism with i:"n or c'i:N Nu 23'9, Is 5P 56% Jer 49'« ( = v.'O = 50"' = (nearly) 51«), Ps 8*m 80"i'»» 146' (II Q-anj 'nobles'). Job 16=1 (II -na ' man ')t 25" 35».
7. In Aramaic mn is not found. § The term which, speaking generally, corresponds is b'jx, ayx (in some dialects contracted, without difference of meaning, to ai), in the status emphaticus (corre- sponding to the def. art. in Heb.) «?.;«, Kf'r!? (contr. KjJi). 'Enasha (ndshd) mostly denotes ' man ' in a general or collective sense, though it occurs occa- sionally (p. 582'') in an individual sense : 'enc'is/t, {ndsh), on the other hand, not infrequently pos- sesses an individual sense, and also often sinks to express nothing more than ns, or 'one' (as in ' every one,' ' no one ').
In some Aramaic dialects, however, though not in all, ' son {or sons) of man (men) ' is common — in prose, and not merely, as in Heb., chiefly in poeti-y — in the ordinary sense of man (or men), (lie distinctive force of bnr, ' son,' being no longer felt. The following are the main details of this usage : —
(a) Judaean Aramaic. — In Biblical Aramaic, the plur. 'JJ NyiN ' 80na of men ' occurs Dn 2^ 521 (< driven from the sons of men,'— interchanging with 'driven from men ' (nc:n), va.si. 83 (22. 2». SO)) : elsewhere 'endshii is used, 2-*3 (' the seed of men ') ; 416 (13) (' changed from (the heart of) men'); 41'- 25 3J (14. 'Ji 29) 621; 425, 32.33(22.28. 80) (just quoted); 78 (' eyes Hke the eyes of men'): Ezr4ll(B':N determined by the foil. gen.). '£'«««/( occurs in the indeterm. sense of ' a man,' 65 6'- 12 (8 131 (• of any god or man '), T-i n ; and in ' every man," ' no man," 210 310 55 6'2 (13),
• Holsten and Oort reckon 42 occiMions, distinguishing Lk II80 bom Mt wo, and MU 8^ Lk S» from Mt 1627.
t So Bi' N -J? Ps 42 (3) 492 (3)i> 629 (10), La 333.
J But read here prob. DHK |5' (' and between a man, and,' etc).
JThe Targ., where it has Dix 13 (as in Ezek, for OiN-p, ftod occasionally besides), means ' son of Adam.'
Ezr6ii.* Bar *^m7sft, 'a son of man,' occursoniy in the passaa-e of which more will be said below, Dn T'* 'one like unto a son 0} man.'
In the Targ. of Onltelos the plur. ttVYK "33 occurs On 6' 11», Nu 2319, Dt 326-28; tile biiig. bar '^ndsh does not occur at all, 'man' — where it is not expressed by 'Qi, NH^a {vir) — being represented alwaj'8 by 'endsh, 'indshd.
In the Targ. of Jonathan (on the prophets) the plur. 'J^ NV'l'N occurs at least 20 times (as 1 S 1529 io7. 7 2Jio 2619); •cni'isli freiiuently (as Jos 15 211 gn 108) ; bar 'fiulsh only Is 5112 (cod. Kcuchl., in ed. Lag., mx m] 662, Jer 491s- S3 6040 5143, Mic Sii — in each case being suggested directly by the Hebrew.
(b) In Nabat(ean Aramaic (some 30 inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, mostly of &-14 lines each, dating from B.C. 9 to A.D. 76),t bar '^ndnh does not occur at all. Enush, indah occur pretty frequently, very much as in Daniel, in ' every one; 'no one,' etc. (see CIS II. i. 1977 '2063-8 2095- « 2103- ' 2127 etc.).
(c) Galiltxan Aramaic. — In the Palest. Talm. (3-4 cent, a.d.) bar nush (determ. bar ndshd) occurs with great frequency, and means simply a (single, individual) man, slsv/i "id nn ' a certain man (did so and so),' tfci "13 Kin ' that man,' xc: n3 |nn ' this man," and in a weakened sense, with a neg. or 73 ' all,' as ' h« went out eii -\2 nDiyfi x'^l and found no one,' ai n3i ci 11 Sj ( = late Heb. P'Nl B"N ^3) ' every one.' } Obviously, in all these cases it would be absurd to render bar-ndshifi) by 'son oj man.'
In the Palest. Lectionary (the ' Evangeliarium Hierosoly- mitanum,' ed. Erizzo, 1861, ed. Lagarde, in his Bibl. Syr. 1892), of the 5th cent, a.d., the usage is similar ; barndish standing regularly for *a man' (as B'313 'yn = oi^tjpairtin or Sti/dfitrref ris, Lk 225 433 66 1030 15" etc.) ; and larnashd (determ.) for
i i.,Upi,Ti>l, as Mt 44 1235. 35 2624- 24, Lk 829- 33. 35 etc.