the testimony ' (see No. 10 below), by giving to the Niphal of ly^ ('make known,' ' reveal one's self,' as above) the sense of niy 'to testify of one's self.' The LXX, therefore, according to this scholar, was perfectly jvistitied in rendering both the above designations by riti'.vy. tow fjutptuftici' (see below)i The rendering of AV 'tabernacle of the congregation' is based on » mistaken interpretation of the word uioM, as if synonymous with the cognate Txy;.
(•2) The simple expression 'the tent' (^ni<n) is found In P 19 times (Ex 261' " etc.)i We have already (§ i.) met with the title (3) ■ the tent of J" ' (1 K 2'JSifO. To these may bo added (4) ' the house of the tent' (1 Ch 923). and (5) ' the house of J" ' (Ex 2319).
ip) In otldition to the older 'tent of meeting' a new and characteristic designation is used extensively in P. viz. (C) ]~'^'^ vii^hkiin (about 100 times in the Hex.), ' the place where J" dwells' (I^y'), 'dwelling,' 'habitation' (so Tindale); by AV rendered equally with *?"« ' tabernacle ' (but 1 Oh 632 • dwelling- place 'X A marked ambiguity, however, attaches to P's use of this term. On its first occurrence (Ex 259) jt, manifestly denotes the whole fabric of the tabernacle, and so frequently. It is thus equivalent to the fuller (7) ' dwelling (EV ' tabernacle ') of J'" found in Lv 174(here II (1), Nu 169 etc., 1 Ch 1639 21->9), and to 'the dwelling of the testimony' (No. 11 below). In other passages it denotes the tapestry curtains with their supporting frames which constitute 'the dwelling' par excellence (2Gi-6i- etc.), and so expressly in the designation (8) 'dwelling (EV ' tabernacle ' ) of the tent of meeting ' (Ex iVf- 40' etc. , 1 Ch 632), In the passages just cited and in some others where the 'ohel and the iniahkdn are clearly distinguished (e.tj. Ex 36" 3940 40'-7ff-, Nu 3'3S 91^), the AV has rendered the fonuer by 'tent' and the latter by 'tabernacle,' a tlistinction now consistently carried through by KW In 1 Ch 64s (SIT 331 we have (9) 'the dwelling of the house of God.'
(c) Also peculiar to P and the later writers influenced by him is the designation (10) niiKn S.ix (Nu 9i5 etc., 2 Ch 24i>, EV throughout ' tent of the testimony ' ; so AV in Nu 91^, but else- where ' the tabernacle of witness '). The tabernacle was so called as containing 'the ark of the testimony' (see § ix.). Hence too the parallel designation (11) nny.T [jy'p (Ex 3821, Nu 160 etc., EV 'tabernacle of [the] testimony').
(d) In addition to these we find the more general term (12) c'^^pp ' holy place or sanctuary,' applied to the tabernacle (Ex 258 and often ; in the Law of Holiness (Lv 17 ff.) almost ex- clusively.
Passing to the versions that have influenced our own, we And as regards the LXX a uniformity greater even than in our AV. Owing to the confusion of JJv'P and ^.iN (both = »■*»)>*;) on tiie one hand, and of lyiD and my on the other (but cf. Meiidiold, op. cit. 3f.), we have the all but universal rendering ri r^tui •^oZ fMtp-rup.ou, ' the tent of the testimotiy,' to represent (1), (S), (10), and (11) above. This, along with the simple rasrui, is the NT designation (Ac 7*4 AV 'tabernacle of witness,' Rev 16* AV ' tabernacle of the testimony '). In Wis 9^, Sir 2419 we have a new title (13) ' the sacred tent ' (^**i**j ayV, with which cf. the Upk ff-*»)»i; of the Carthaginian camp, l)iod. Sic. xx. 65). The Old Lat. and Vulg. follow the LX.X with the rendering tahemaculuin and tab. tenlimonii, though frequently also ('habitually in Numbers,' Westcott, I'^p. to thJi Uebrcwe, 234 f.) tab. fixderia, the latter based on the designation of the ark as the 'ark of the covenant' (see § ix.). As to the older Kng. VSS, finally, those of Hereford and Purvey follow the Vulg. closely with"' tab. of witness, witneasyngo, testimonye,' and tab. of tiie boond of pees (t. fofderiny 'I'indale on the other hand follows LXX with the rendering 'tab. of witnesse' for (1) and (10), hut then again he restores the distinction between 'ijhcl and mishkdn by rendering the latter ' habitacion,' except in the case of (7), ' the dwellinge-placc of the Lorde.' Coverdale in the main follows Tindale. It is to be regretted that this distinction was obliterated in the later versions.
iv. The underlyino Conception of the Tabernacle -Sanctuary. — Nature and grada- tion (</ the 7nateriat.^ employed in it.^ construction. — In Ezekiel's great picture of the ideal Israel of the Kestoration (Ezk 4011'.) 'the ruling conception is that of J" dwelling in visible glory in his sanctuary in the midst of his iieojile.' The prophet's one aim is to help forward the realization of the earlier promise of J": 'My dwelling (mi.shl:an) shall lie with tliem, and I will lie their God, and they shtili be my people' (37-''). The same grand conce^>tioii, the same high ideal, took possession of the pnestly writers on whom Ezekiel's mantle fell. The foundation on wliich rests the whole theocratic structure of the Priestly Code is the provision of
• The authors of the Oxford Uexaitxtch call attention to 'the curious fart that in Ex 2.')-27'9 the sanctuary is always calletl the "dwelling" [uiuhkdn], while in 28. 29 this name is repla<n'd by the older term "tent of meeting." . . . The title "dwelling" is, of course, freely used in the great repetition. Ex 35-40, hut the main portions of the Priestly Law in Leviticus l)fnore it (ii. 120, where see for suggested oxphmatiou).