Even when critically edited, the Targums are not likely to be of much use for the criticism of the lleb. text of the OT. That text was fixed as we have it before any of our Targg. were com- piled, anil it is but seldom that they throw any reliable light where it is needed. For a reflexion of the spirit of Judaism, on the other hand, as well as for the Jewish interpretation of the text of their sacied books, they are invaluable. Not that any importance would now be attached to the use formerly made of them by Christian controver- sialists. The Jewish Messianic ideas run through- out all their Targg., t but it is now clear that the correct interpretation of particular passages was not exclusively to be found either on the Jewish or on the Christian aide (cf. Is 7'"- 52'»-^3").
LiTt:[iATURB. — Carpzov, Critica Sacra Vet. Test., Lips. 1748 ; Zuiiz, Die Gottesdiciistliclien Vortrage der Juden, Berl. 1832, 2n(i ed. Frankfurt a/ll. 1S92 ; Geiger, Crschrift und Ueber- §eUtingm der Bibcl, Breelau, 1857 ; Levy, Chald. WOrterb. uber Jit Targumim, Leipzic, 1867-68; Noldeke, Die alUest. Li'trratur, 1868, Die Hemilischen Sprachen', Ltipz. 1899, and tev'iews mentioned below; Maybaum, Die Anthropu- viorjthien bei Onqclos und den spaUren Targumitn^ 1 870 ; Weber, Syitem der attsun. Pal. Theot. 1880, 2nd ed. 1897 ; Merx, Bemerkunien utter die Vocalisation der Targume^ Berlin, 1882, CAre*(onut(Auirar3wmica, Berl. 1SS8; Oinsburger, Die Anlhropomorphismen in aen Thargumim, Braunschweig, 1891; Buhl, Kanon und Text dcs AT, Leipz. 1891 [ISng. tr.) ; bchwally, Idiotit-'in deg ehrixtlu^h-palast. Aramuisch^ Giessen, 1893 ; Dalmari, 'inun. deijiid.-palast. AramdiicU, Leipz. 1894, Aram. Dialekt^iroben, Leipz. 1896, Araviditch-Neuhebrdiicheg Wtirterbuch, Frankfurt a/.M. 1897-1901, Die Worte Jeeu, Leipz. 1898 ; The Introductiont to the OT, by Eichhom, de Wette, Kiehm, Bleek-Wellhausen, Konig, Cornill, Strack ; cf. also Deutsch, Literanj iiemainn, Lend. 1874=art. 'Targum' in Smith's DB; Schiller-Szinessy, art. in Eiicycl. Brit.y ; Volck, art. in Piili\ revised by Nestle in 3rd edition.
On the Pent. Tar,;uniB: Winery DeOnqelosoeiuequeParaphrasi Chald., Lips. 1S20; Petennann, De duabue Pent, paraphrasi- bun chaid., Berl. 1829 ; Luzzatto, Philoxenui, sive de Onket. chald. Pent, vernifrne Dinsertatio, Vienna, 1830 ; Frankel, ' Einiges ru den Tarj^uniim' in Ztech. /ur die Interejtjten dee JutLnUwne, 1846, Zii dan Targum der Propheten, Breslau, 1872 ; Seligsohii und Traub, * Ueber den Geist der Ueberset- z-jng des Jonathan zum Pent.' in Frankel's SIotiatHSchrift G. W. J. 18.^)7 ; Seligsohn. De duabue UieroKoL Pent, paraphrasibne, Bretijau, 186& ; Ktheridpe, The Targume of Onkeloa and Jon- athan ben Uzzicl on the Pent, nith the Fraginentg of the Jerusalejn Targum : from the Chaldee, 2 vols. Lend. 1862-65 ; Geiger, * Das nach Onkelos benannte babylonische Thargum zuni Pent.' in his JCdieche Ztsch. 1871 ; Bacher, * Ueber daa gegenHeitigc Verhaltnis der pent. Thargumim * in ZDilG, 1874 ; Berliner, Die MoMora zum Targum Onkelos, I>eipz. 1877 (cf. review by Noldeke, Lit. Centralbl. 1877), Targum Onkelos, Berl 1884 (cf. review by Noldeke, Lit. Crntralhl. 1884, by de Logarde, OGA, 1886); Groneniann, Die Jonathnnjfche Pent.. Uftiersetzung in ihrem Verhultnitee zur lialacha, Leipz. 1870 ; Singer, Onkelot und dae Verhaltnisi teinen Targumt zur Ualacha, Halle, 1881 ; Kantzsch, Miltheilnng iiber eine alte Uandnctirijt de* Targum Onkelos, ilalle, 1893; Bamstein, The Targum of Onkelos to Genesis, a critical enquiry into the value of the text ea/'ibiUd by Jemen ilSS, London, 1896; Bass- freund. Das Froffmententargum zum Pent., Breslau, 1896; Friedmann, Onkelos und Akylas, Vienna, 1896; Ijindauor, Die Masorah zum Onkelos, Amsterdam, 1890 ; Ginsburgcr, Das
* See the Literature, mentioned below, under the oanies Uerx, Kautcsch, Pratorltls, Dalman, Barnsteln.
f Cf. Huhn, Die MessianiscJien Weissagungen des isretetitiseh- NducAm Volkes, 1899, p. Ill L
Fragmentcntargum (edited from 5ISS), Berl. 1899 ; Diettrich, * Beobachtun),'en zu drei jemenitiscben Uandschriften des Onqelostargums * in ZATW, 1900.
Targunu) on the Propheu, : Gesenius, Coinmentar iiber den Jesaia, Leipz. 1821, Einl. § 11; Pauli, The Chaldee Paraphrase on the Prophet Isaiah, Lond. 1871 ; Frankel, Zu dem Targum der Prop/u-tm, Bresl. 1872 (cf. review by Nf.ldekc, GGA, 1872) ; de Lagarde, Proplietae Chaldaice, Lips. 1872 (cf. review by Noldeke, Lit. Centralbl. 1S72) ; Bacner, ' Kritische Unter- suchungen zum Propheten-Tliurgum' in ZDMG, 1874; Pra* torius, Daa Targum zu Josua in jemeni^cher Ueberlie/erung, Berl. 1899, Das Targum zum BuchederHichterinjmnen. Ueberl. Berl. 1900.
Targums on the Hagiographa : Ginsburg, Translation of Targum on Ecclesiostes in his Coiiime7itary, London, 1861; Rosenberg und Kohler, ' Das Targuui zur Chronik ' m Geiger'e Ztsch. 1870 ; Maybaum, ' Ueber die Sprache des Targum zu den Spriichen und dessen Verhiiltniss zum Syrer" iu Mer.x, Archiv, 1871, p. 66 f. (cf. Ndldeke'8 review, p. 246 J.); Bacher, 'Das Thargiim zu Hiob' in Monatxschrift G. ir, J. 1871, ' Das Thar- gum zu den Psalmen,' do. 1872 ; de La^rarde, Ilagiugrajtha Chaldaice, Lips. 1873 ; Weiss, De Lihri Jobi Paraphrani dial- daica, Berl. 1873 ; Reis, ' Das Thargum Scheni zu dem Buche Esther' in Munatsschrift O. W. J. 1S76, 1881 ; Munk, Targum Scheni zum Buche Etit/ier, Berl. 1876; Caasel, Das Bach Esther, Berl. 1878 [gives tr. of the Targ.] ; Baethgen, ' Der textkritische Wert der alten Uebersetzungen zu den Psalmen ' in Jahrb. Prot. Theot. 1882 ; Gelbhaus, Die Targuinliteratur, Ueft 1, ' Das Targum Sheni,' Frankfurt a/M. 1893 ; Pinkuss, ' Die Syrische Uebersetzung der Proverbien' in ZA'l'W, 1894 ; Levin, 'largum und ilidrasfi zum Buche Hiob, Mainz, 1895 ; David, Das Tar- gum Scheni, Berlin, 1898. T. WALKER.