TARTAN (|™ ; BA Tavaeiv, B'' ^aSdu, N"-*-."-*-."- Q* eapOdlf] in Is 20' ; B eoxedi', A eapSdv in 2 K IS"; Tliarthan). — The title of an Assyrian military (illiccr, sent by Sargon to Ashdod (Is '2il'), and later (juobably anotlier person) despatched by iSenna- cberib, accompanied by Rab- SARIS and Kab- SIIAKEH, 'with a great host,' against Jerusalem. Like the other titles in the latter passage, it was long thought to be a personal name ; and it is apparently this (notwithstanding the luesence of the article in the Greek) which has given rise to the variant Nathan (an abbreviation of Tanathan) in B''. In the Assyrian inscriptions and lists of otlicials, however, it appears as the title of the highest othcer of State next to the king, and probably corresponds to the modem military title 'commander-in-chief.' In the list of otlicials given in WAI ii. pi. 31, 11. 2(5, 27, two grades appear, turtanu tmni, 'the turinn of the right,' and <ar- tanu iumili, ' the tnrliin of the left,' the former probably corresponding with the turtanu rabit, ' great Tartan,' or ' field-marshal ' of Shalmaneser II. , and the latter with the tiirfitnu Sanii, 'second Tartan,' mentioned by Johns. Th.it the two forms, turtnnu and tartrinii, were interchangeable, is shown by the contract-tablet in which the form turtanu iiamli occurs, and the variant spellings turtunnu and tartnnnu in the inscri|itions of Sar- gon.J As one entitled to hold the othce of Eponym, the Tartan came next in order to the king (see the titles for the Eponyms for B.C. 809, 780, 770, 752, and 742). Who the Tartans were who are referred to in Is 20' and 2 K 18" is not known. In B.C. 720, Asur-iska(?)-mlannin was Eponym, and jios- sibly held the othce, and in that case may have been the one sent to Ashdod. For the reign of Sennacherib we have Abda'u, who held the olfice during the eponymy of Ilu-ittfta, B.C. 6'J4 ; and B61-
• The companion-deity, Nibhaz (changed to NIbhan by reading I for 1). Is stated to have been in the form of a dog— an explana- tion which is flue to the stipjioaition that the word was con- nected with nnf'dh, • to bark.' It is therefore not improbable that the statement that Tartak was a deity in the form of an ass may be due to a similar (popular) etjTnoligy.
t Sachau {ZA 12, 48) Idcntiflcs it with the modern tmm, be- tween Antloch and Aleppo.
t The fonns with double n Imply that the seoood rimal mi long {iartanu), as in Hebrew.
590
TATTENAI
TEACHER, TEACHING
dmuranni, who was Tartan and Eponyiu for B.C. 686. Either of these may have been the one sent against Jerusalem.
LirKRATiTiE. — Schrader in Riehm's BWB^', Fried. Delitzsch, Astnfr. i/U'jB; Johns, Assj/nan Deeds, voL ii. pp. 68, 69; Driver in Authoriti/ and Archoeotogy (ed. Hofjarth), 140.
T. G. Pinches. TATTENAI (-jnci).— The name of the governor (peluih) of Ca;le-Syria and Phojnicia under Darius Hysta-spis, Ezr 5' (B Qavavai, A BaBBavai, Luc. everywhere Tai-Sai-aios) ^ (B QavBava^, A QaBBavaU) «» (LXX om.) " (B 'Vo.vBaval, A QaBBaval). He is sailed in 1 Es 6'- '■ " i-"' 7' SISINNES {Ziaivvqi), which IS simply a reproduction in Greek (cf. 'Ziclv-r]^ in Arr. i. 25. 3, vii. 6. 4) of a Persian name Thi- thinaia (orig. Tlmthannia ?), with aspirated t. See Ed. Meyer, Entstehung dcs Judenthums, 32.
TAYERNS, THE THREE, is the rendering in Ac 28'° of Tpeis Ta^ipvai, the Greek form which represents the Latin Tres Tabcrnce, as the name of one of the two stations on the Appian high- way whither Christian brethren from Rome, who had heard of St. Paul's arrival at Puteoli on his way to the capital, went forth to meet him. The first group of the brethren met him at a point earlier on his journey — tlie Market of Appius — (see Appius, Market of) 43 ( Roman) miles from Rome ; the second awaited liim at the stage called Tres Tabernce, wliich was 10 miles nearer to the capital, being, according to the Itinerary of Antoninus, 33 miles distant from it. The Latin taberna, whicli is by no means to be identified with or restricted to our modem sense of tarcrn, but was applied to structures of boards, booths, huts, and sh(j|is of various kinds, probably denotes liere an inn for travellers. Three such inns might fitly give name to a halting-place, which doubtless was the seat of local traffic, and from whicli a road branched off' to Antium on the seacoast. Cicero mentions it in writing to Atticus {Ep. ii. 10, 12, 13). Its precise site has hardly been identified, but is generally referred to the vicinity of the modern Cisterna. William P. Dickson.
TAW (n).— The twenty-second letter of the Heb. alphabet, and as such emploj'ed in the 119th Psalm to designate the 22nd part, each verse of which begins with this letter. It is transliterated in this Dictionary by t or Ih.
For the use of tnw (li?) in Ezk 9' and Job 31" see FoREHKAD, and Mark No. 6 (vol. iii. p. 244").
TAXES, TAXING.— See Publican and Quir-
INIU.S.
TEACHER, TEACHING. — In the OT various Heb. w ords are used for teachers and their work (chiefly verbal forms, \-2n, mi.i, nsS) ; and several other words are employed more indefinitely for teaching generally (i^k, T.it.n, ynin, no', .tt, S-Jci). This is one indication tliat in ear!}' times there was no recognized office of teacher with a technical title. Nevertheless the duty of teaching, especially in the education of the young, is much insisted on. In Deut. this is repeatedly urged as an obligation resting on p.-irents (e.g. 4'° 6' ll'"). The he.id of the family is to be diligent in teaching his children the great precepts of the Law, and m talking of them habitually in the house and in the street. The prophets were recognized to be divinely- inspired teachers, commissioned to instruct the people in the knowledge of Jehovah and His will. The word tOrah (i-;iri), which was applied to Deut. in the days of josiali (e.g. 2 K 22'), and from the time of Ezra to the Pent. {eg. Neh 8'), means 'te.iching' (lit. 'direction'), and was used in earlier times for the instruction given by the prophets. It is used in this sense by Rosea (4° 8'