According to some statements, Thadda'us was from Jerusalem and of the tribe of Judah (Bool: of the Bee, Barhebraius), and preached the gospel in the African language {Gospels of the XII Apostles, ed. J. R. Harris, pp. 26, 29) ; while the Syriac Addai is said to have been from Paneas. Bar Bahlul (p. 939) refers Labhi to the tribe of Simeon.
The apocryphal ' Gospel of Thaddoeus ' (Evan- gelium Thaddcei), mentioned in some MSS and editions of the Decretum Gelasii, seems to be due to a clerical error {PliE' i. 663).
For the extra-canonical statements on Thaddsus see Lipsius, Die apohryphen Apostelgeschu-kten, ii. 142-200, and his art. 'Tha^idaius' in Smith and Wace's Dictiojiari/ of Christian Bioijraphy, iv. 875-881. As a Christian name Thaddieus never seems to have been very frequent.* Eb. NeSTLE.
THANK-OFFERING. —See Sacrifice, under
' Peace-otl'eriug.'
THARRA (BA Qappi, Lao. etSeiVTjj).— Ad. Est 12' = TKl;ESHof Est2-'6-.
THASSI (A Goo-o-fs, NV ea(r(r(«)0.— The surname of Simon the Maccabee, 1 Mac 2^. The meaning of the word is quite uncertain. As likely an interpretation as any is ' the zealous,' obtained by connecting with Aram, and New Heb. con ' to bubble up or ferment ' (used of new wine). For the history of Simon see art. MacCABEES, vol. iii. p. 185.
THEATRE (Biarpov). — At the disturbance re- corded in .\c 19-"'- we are told that the crowd rushed to the theatre, and that it was there tliat the somewhat tumultuous meeting, afterwards de- scribed, took place. We also learn from .loscphus (Ant. XIX. viii. 2) that it was in the theatre at Civsarea that the events described in Ac 12*'''' took place.
For general descriptions of the Greek and Roman theatre, reference must be made to the ordinary Dictionaries of Antiquities. The theatre at Ephesus was on the slope of Mt. Coressus, and was famous as being one of the largest, if not the largest, in the ancient world. A description of the remains with a plan may be found in Woods, Discoveries at Ephesus, ch. iv. p. 68. A large number of inscrip- tions also were found on the site, which have been published in full in Hicks' Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum. These are specially important as illustrating the very varied part the Greek theatre played in public life, as the place not only of
• The Church daj-s for Thaddtcus (Judoa of James) are in the Greek Church 19 June and 21 Aug., in the Latin 28 Oct. (together with Simon) ; on the Armenian see Nilles^, ii. .'isa, 627 ; on the Coptic 702, 721 f. (2 and 28 Epip = Julv); on the Syriac, i. 480 (20 Aug.), 48.'i (IS Oct.) 489. The Calendar in McLean's Ea^t ^t/rian Daittj Ojlices mentionB Mar Adai for the Sixth Sunday of the Resurrection.
amusement, but of every form of large assembly The results are well summed up by Lightfoot, Essays on Supernatural Religion, p. 299 —
'The theatre appears as the reco^Tlized place of public assembly. Here edicts are proclaimed, and decrees recorde<l, and benefactors crowned. When the mob, under the leadership of Demetrius, gathered here for their demonstration against St. Paul and his companions, they would find themselves surrounded by memorials which might stinmlate their zeal for the goddess If the "town clerk "had desired to make good his a.^sertion, "AVhat man is there that knoweth not that the city of the Ephesians is sacristan of the great goddess Artemis?" he had only to point to the inscriptions which lined the walls for con* firmation. The very stones would have cried out from the walla in response to his appeal. '
The same Greek word is also used in 1 Co 4' ' for we are made a spectacle unto the world, and to angels, and to men,' where the meaning is the scene or spectacle in the theatre.
A. C. Headlam.
THEBAIC VERSION. — Now generally called the Sahidic Version. See Egyptian Versions, vol. i. p. 669".
THEBES.— See No-Amon, vol. iii. p. 555.
THEBEZ (l-SB 'brightness' (?) ; B Gij/S^s, ea/mffl, A Qailiais, Qafuurei ; Thebes). — The place at which Abimelech was killed by a millstone which a woman threw dovni upon him from a tower that was holding out after the city had been taken (J" 9™, 2S 11^'; Jos. Ant. v. vii. 5). Eusebius and Jerome (Ononi.) say that in their day there was a village called Thebes, about 13 Rom. miles from Neapolis, on the road to Scythopolis. The Roman road from N. to S. can still be traced, and on it, about 10 miles from Adblus, is 'I'libiis, which Robinson was the first to identify with Thebez (BliP- ii. 317, iii. 305). Tiibds is a large village, surrounded bj' olive groves and comlields, on tlie western slope of a broad fertile valley. Its oil and corn are held in high estimation ; and the villagers, wlio are divided into three factions, own large flocks of sheep and goats. There are numerous rock-hewn cisterns, on which the people depend for their water-supply; and rock-hewB dwelling-places, of which many are still occupied. There is a tomb of Xebi/ Toba in the village, which the Samaritans believe to be that of Asher, son of Jacob. The village .sutl'ered greatly from the earthquake of 1837 (PEF Mem. ii. 247 ; Gucrin, Samarie, i. 357 ; Baedeker-Socin, Pal.* 224). C. W. Wilson.