4. The Testament of Job has the foil, parallels : —
Job's wife begged bread for him (ch. 22) : Job sang a hymn (ch. 33) ; in ch. 45 Job, when dying, says, ' Behold, 1 die ; only forget not the Lord (To 4^) ; do good to the poor (410) ; dest>iNe not the helpless (41'') ; take not to yourselves wives from strangers (4i2), and, lo, I distribute to you all 08 much «i belongs to me' (410).
8. Judith (8') attaches importance to the fact that she and her husband were ' of the same tribe and family.'
vii. ToiiiT IN THE Church.— The Didacki (1») gives this advice, 'Whatever thou wishest not to happen to thee, do not thou to anutlier'; To 1" gives this form, ' What thou hatest, do not to another ' {ar> also Iliilel [Taylor, Pirke Aboth, 37]).
Did 4'"' is also an adaptation of To 4^"^. Polycarj [ad Phil. ch. 10) says, ' When ye can do good, defer it not, for almsgiving delivers from death ' ; cf. To 12^ Pseudo-Clem, (ad Cor. 16) seems to quote 12' thus : ' Almsgiving is as good as repent- ance for sin ; fasting is better than prayer, but almsgiving (is better) than both. Love covereth a multitude of sins. Prayer from a good conscience siiveth from death.' Harris (Amer. Joum. T/ieul. iii. 546 ff. ) suggests to read 'prayer' for the first 'almsgiving'; and thinks we have tlie original reading of To 12* in the Gr. cursivei ' Good is prayer with fasting, and almsgiving with right- eousness better than both.' Clem. Alex, quotes 4'" as i] ypaip-i) (Strom, ii. 23, § 139). Origen (£/>. ad Afric. xiii.) and Atlianasius (Apol. c. Arian. xL) use Tobit as canonical, though theoretically they did not include it in the Canon, because it was not in the Heb. Bible. Cyprian treats it as authorita- tive in his work on the Lord's Pr.ayer (c. 32). HUary cites it to prove the intercession of angels (in Ps. 129'). Ambrose (de Tabid, 1. 1) treated the book as prophetic, and Augustine included it among the Apocr. of the LXX wliich ' the Christian Churc-li received ' (de Doctr. Christ, ii. 8). Jerome (Prof, ad libh. Salomonis) allowed its perusal, but forbade its canonicity ; whereas the Council of Carthage (A.D. 397) and the Councils of Florence (143'J) and of Trent (154(j) declared it canonical. Luther (cf. Fritzscbe, p. 19) deemed it ' a truly beautiful, wholesome, and profitable tictiou.' The Homilies of the Church of England u.se 4'" 12' as ' a les.son which the Holy Ghost doth teach in sundry places of the Scripture' (Second Book, On Alms- deeds, part 1). Ine Oll'ertory contains sentences drawn from To 4''", and the jireface to the Marriage Service, that marriage ' ought not to be taken in hand lij;litly or wantonly to satisfy carnal lusts,' is clearly an adaptation of Vulg. 6" ; in fact, the first Prayer Book of Kdu.ard VI. contained these words : ' As Thou didst send the angel Raphael to Thobie ami Sara, the daughter of Raguel, to their great comfort, so vouchsafe to send Thy blessing upon these Thy servants.' The names of Abraham and Sarah are now substituted.
LrrKRATURK — COMMENTAiiiiiS: Ilgen, Dis Gesehichte TobC$, Twich drt'i/ rerscfiii'denen Orijiiialen, Jena, 18U0 ; Reusch, Das liucli Tu'bias, Freiburg, 1857 ; Fritzsche, Ej-eg. Uaiulbk. 1858 ; Fullrr, .Spt'aki'r'g Apocr., vol i., London, 18SS ; Sengelmann, Hd.s iiticti Tobit, Hamburg, 1857; Outberlet, Das Ihich Tobias, Minister, 1877; Bissell in Lange's Apocr., Edinburgh, 1880; Schuiz, Comvu z. B. 7'ohias, Wurzburg, 1889 ; Zockler, Apokr. det AT, Munchen, 1891 ; Lolir in Kautzsch's Apohr. u. Pscudepiqr. des AT, Tubingen, WOO.— Tk.xts : Swete, OT in Greek, vol. li., gives the text of B and K in full, with readings from A as foot- notes ; Fritzsche gives the text of the Cursives 44. 106 in hia Covu pp. 89-104; Neubauer on Tot/it gives Anim., IIM, It. L ; the Synac is found conveniently in Lagarde's L(7/ri VT Apocr. Si/riace., London, 1861 ; for HF we have only W'alton's Polt/glot', the most accurate edition of Vulg. is that of Vercellono, Uomee, lml.—/IKLPS TO STUor : Schurer, JIJP IL iii. 37-44; Tht .Story of Ahikar, from the Syr., Arab., Arm., Eth., Gr., and Slav. Versions, by Conybeare, Harris, and Mra Lewis, Camh. Univ. Press, 1898; 'Testament of Job'(7'.S v. 1 ; also in .Sffm, Stud, in Memory of A. Kohut, Berlin, 1897, pp. 2l!4-:i3S) ; Book of Jubilees, tr. by Conybeare in J^ii vL vii. ; Nestle, ,S'('/>(i«l- nintastudien, iiL 1809, p. 22 IT.; W. R. Smith's art 'Tobit' in Kixojcl. lirit. 8 ; Nolcieke, Monatsher. dcr kt'nl. Akad. der M'iisentich. ru Berlin, 1879, p. V.^iX. [orig. lang. Greek); Qriitz, ;1foim(»»cAr. 1879, pp. 145 0., 384 II., 4:)3IT^ 509 IT. [orig. lang. New Ueb.J. J. T. MARSHALL.
TOCHEN (i:h •ta.sk,' 'measure'; B BiitKo, A QixX"-" ; Thorhcn). — A town of Simeon mentioned with Ain, Himmon, and Ashan (1 Ch 4''-), and conseouently in the Negeb. There is no name like Tochen in the corresjionding list of Jos 19', where, however, the LX\ G4/(ko shows that the name has fallen out. The site is unknown.
C. W. WII.SON.
TOGARMAH (i--ijh, Qopryapii, Thogomia).— Son of Goiiier and brother of Ashkenaz and liiphath (Gn lO*). If Ashkenaz is the Asguza of the Aasyr.