iv. Later History. — There is no clear eridence of tongues as a religious phenomenon anterior to 1S"T times, nor of their survival in the early Church after the apostolic age. Ecstatic utterances appear to liave occurred in some forms of OT prophecy (2 S 19-° etc.), but no mention is made of ' tongues ' as a feature of them. Even in heathen religions, as St. Paul hints (1 Co 12"^), there were analogous phenomena which it was necessary to remember in the attempt to ' discern ' the true work of the Holy Spirit. This suggests that profound religious ex- citement, to whatever cause it may be due, tends to find expression in abnormal utterance. In the XT this tendency gradually gives way to more normal forms ; in Eph S"*- " we catch, as it were, the last echoes of glossolalic speech ; in the later Epistles we hear no more of it. Irenteus (Hmr. V. vi.) can still tell us, speaking apparently from hearsay, of brethren who prophesied, and spoke through the Spirit in all Kinds {iravToSairah) of tongues ; but Chrysostom (on 1 Co 14) frankly de- clares that the gifts described by St. Paul were unknown in the Church of his day. That the gift of tongues really survived even down to the time of Iremuus is, in the absence of corroborating evidence, difficult to believe. His rather vague statement may rest on some report as to the Mon- tanists of Asia Minor, but in their case again the definite evidence we possess points to ' prophecy ' rather than ' tongues as the distinctive form of their ecstatic speech.
Of more modem examples of such utterances among the Franciscans of the 13th cent., the earlj' Quakers, Jansenists, Methodists, the French Pro- phets of the Cevennes, and particularly the Irving-
ites whose 'tongues' (1S32-3) have been described by several competent observers, we will only observe that it would be harsh and unjust to ascribe all such phenomena to the studied attempt to reproduce those of the apostolic Church. In whatever way we may explain these utterances, and however good reason there may be to suspect occasional simulation, the spontaneity of the phenomena in general must be freely admitted. But, for reasons suggested above, great caution is necessary in appljing them to the interpretation of the NT data.
Literature. — On the last-named class of phenomena, Plumptre's excellent article in Smith's DB ^'ives useful refer- ences ; see also stiller, Irvingism. On the N'T data the litera- ture is considerable. The Commentaries, crj. those of Meyer- Wendt and Knowling on Ac 2, of Meyer-Heinrici, Godet, Edwarxls on 1 Co 12. 14, sum up and discuss the various explanations. Among many separate essa\'s we may mention those of Schneck- enburper (Britr. 1S32) ; \\ieseler (in SK, 1838); Hilgenteld, Glossolalic^ Leipzipf, 1850; Zeller, Acts of the Ap., Eng. tr. vol. i. p. 171 (the ablest anti-miraculous discussion ; denies any historical foundation for Ac 2) ; Rossteuscher, Gabe d. Sprachen im Apost. Ztltr. (Marb. 1855, Irvingite); P. Schaff, Church Bistont, vol. i. § 24 ; Weizsiicker, Apost. Ztltr. p. 689 a ; A. Wright, Some HT Problems, 277 S. In these works references will be found to many other discussions, an enumera- tion of which is beyond the limits of this article.
A. liOBERTSON.
TOOLS. — In Syria, since its conquest bj' the Arabs in tlie 7th cent., little or no progress has been made in the mechanical arts : workmen still use much the same kinds of tools and methods of working as their ancestors did ten centuries ago. It is only within the last 40 or 50 j'ears that European implements have come into use. It would occupy too much space to give an account of the tools used in the difierent handicrafts of Syria; it may be sutticient to mention a few employed in masonry, carpentry, and smith work.
Masonry. — In Syria, in very early times, stones were hewn from the rock by a pointed hammer called the bik (see Hammer), and the larger the stone the less, of course, was the labour of cutting. This seems to have been the reason for the great size of the stones in the oldest part of the temple of Baalbek. When the wedge came into use for splitting rocks, smaller stones were quarried, and consequently buildings were more quickly con- structed. The masons of Lebanon, who are still acknowledged to be the most skilful builders in Syria, use no means, such as cranes, for lifting a stone to its position on the wall they are building. If a stone is too large to be carried, an inclined plane is made of trunks of trees, or of stones and earth, and the stone is rolled to its place. Chisels are used only for giving a fine edge to a stone, or for carving. For otiier tools see HAMMER.
Carpentry. — The tools of the Lebanon carpenters are the very same as those used by the ancient Egyptian workmen ; only, instead of being of flint or bronze, they are of steel. Of all his tools, the kadiim or adze is the most useful to the Syrian carpenter ; it is hammer, chisel, and plane in one. In the early part of this century planes were not used by tlie carpenters in the higher villages of Lebanon ; planks of wood were smoothed by the adze. The ancient Egyptian adze appears to have been, at first, a sharp llint fastened by thongs to a handle, and replaced by a blade of bronze when metals came into use. The axe jiassed through similar changes. The liow and drill are still in use for boring lioles in wood ; the awl is a shoe- maker's tool. These tools with tlie saw are tlie ordinary implements of a Syrian carpenter, and are carried about by }iim when seeking work. European tools are, however, becoming common.