2. p':;^ 'emek (EV mostly valley ; AV vale in Gn 143- 8- 10 3714^ to ^vijich RV adds Gn 14", Jos 8" 15« 18", 1 S 172- '9 21»). 'Emek (lit. depth, deepening) is ' a highlander's word for a valley as he looks dotvn into it, and is applied to wide avenues running up into a mountainous country, like the Vale of Elah, the Vale of Hebron, and the Vale of Aijalon ' (HGHL 384). It thus de- notes something broader than a gai', but less extensive or plain-like than a bik'dh (PLAIN, 3);* and it is a pity tliat, for distinction, especially from gai' ('valley'), it has not in AV been uni- formly represented by ' vale.'
The importance of distinj^ishing: specific geo^. terms in the OT was long ago pointed out, and well illustrated, bv Stanley, S. and P., Appendix, pp. 475-634; cf. UGULlib'iS. The student will find it a good plan, in the case both of these and of other synonyms (cf. Creeping Things ; Offer, Offering) which are confused in EV, to mark on the margin of his RV either the Heb. word used or its proper English equivalent.
The following are the 'emeks mentioned in the OT :— the 'vale' of Siddim, Gn 14»- »■ '»; of Shaveh, Gn 14", said there to be the same as the ' King's Vale,' which is mentioned also in 2 S 18'* t (accord- ing to Jos. Ant. VII. X. 3, 2 stadia from Jerus.) ; of Hebron, Gn 37" ; of Achor, Jos 1^-^^ 15', Hos 2'», Is G5'° ; of Aijalon, Jos 10", a ' broad fertile plain gently sloping up ' between the hills ' to the foot of the Central Range' (£rG.ffi 210) ; of Rephaim, S.W. of Jerus., on the border between Judah and Benj., Jos 15* 18'«, 2S S'*- » 23'" ( = lCh 14"-"' 11"), Is 17' ;t of Jezreel, Jos 17", Jg 6»», Hos 1», not the ' great plain ' of Esdraelon (Jth 1*), IV. of Jezreel, stretching towards Carmel, but ' the broad, deep vale E. of Jezreel which descends to the Jordan ' (HGHL 384 f.) ; of I^e?!?. Jos I8-1 (RV 'Emekkeziz,' as the name occurs in an enumeration of ciliet), somewhere in E. Benjamin ; of Elah, I S 17"-"'2I», now prob. the IV. es-Sunt, 18 m. W.S.W. of Jerus. (HGHL 226 f.); of Beracah ('Ble.ssin" '), 2 Ch 20='- *", in or near the wilderness of Tekoa (v.»); of Succoth, Ps 60«=I0S'', tlie hroad part of the Jordan valley about Succoth, near the ford Damiyeh, S. of the Jabbok (cf. Jos 13" ' in the vale,' of the same locality) ; of Baca (' weeping '), Ps 84* ; of Gibeon, Is 28" (prob. some part of one of the gorges which lead down from Gibeon to Aijalon, Jos 10'"-" ; cf. HGHL 210) ; of Jehosha- phat, Jl 3'- " (perhaps the fairly broad and open
• Only once or twice does It seem to be used of what is elsewhere described by one of these words (Jer 21*3? 32**; Ig 6i»).
t AV ' dale ' in these two passages ; RV inconsistently ' King's Vale ' in On 14", ' king's dale ' in 2 S 18'8.
X RV, again inconsistently, * vale ' in Joshua, elsewhere ' valley.*
part of the nahal of the Kidron, between Jerus. and the Mt. of Olives), called in v.'* by the emblem- atic name ' vale of decision ' (i.e. of judgment).
'Vales' without specified names are alluded to in Jos 8'^ (' the vale ' near Ai, rightly distinguished in RV from ^tlie • valley ' ((/af) of v."); 13* (in Reu- ben) ; 19'' (a place Beth-haemek, in Asher) ; Jg '1" (the Plain of Esdraelon); 7'-8-'- (apparently the vale of Jezreel, 0''') ; 18-" (' tlie vale tliat belongeth to Beth-Kehob ') ; 1 S G" (near Beth-shemesh ; the broad valley, the ujiper part of the Wddy es-Surar (the ancient nahal of Sorek), opening out westwards and leading down in the direction of Ekron ; (cf. HGHL 218 f.) ; IS 31'=1 Ch 10^ (prob. the vale of Jezreel) ; Jer 21'" (very uncertain ; the Tyiopocon valley? or as Jl 3-, above? or not of Jerusalem at all?); 32-"'(the(7«i' of Hinnom); 47Mof the Phil, plain, though hardly suitable, in spite of HGHL 655 ; read prob. ' the remnant of the 'Andkim' [opj;^ for D|-3Pj; ; see Jos 11^], with LXX, Ges., Hitz., Graf, Giesebr. etc.); 4'J''* (in Amnion). The word is also used generally of ' vales ' in different parts of the country, mentioned often either with refer- ence to their fertility (cf. 1 S 6", Is 17'), or as suit- able for war-chariots to deploy in ; Nu 14^, .l^os 17", Jg l'"- «, 1 K 20-^, 1 Ch 12" '27-'«, Job 39'"- "i ( ' he paweth in the valley,' of the war-horse), Ps 65", Ca 2' ('the lily of the valleys'). Is 22' (about Jerus.), Jer 48* (in Moab), Mic 1*.
S. R. Driver,
YANIAH (n;n [but text dub.] ; B Owex"<i. A OiJoiii'id, S OiiiepfX'i, Luc. Ouand). — One of the sons of Bani, who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10^.
VANITY 1. ^lan (1) lit. a breath of air, as a
gentle breeze. Is 57^' ; a breath of the mouth. Pa 144* ; hence (2) fig. evanescence, emptiness. La 4", Job 9»; (3) idols and idolatry, Dt 32"', Jer I0«, 2K I71', Ps 318; (4) exhalation, mist, Ec 6* U' (cf. Abel [wh. see], Gn 4^). 2. ]yt} (1) labour, sorrow, Hos Q*, Hab 3' (cf. Ben-oni for Benjamin, Gn 35") ; (2) nothingness. Is 41® ; worthlessness, sin- fulness. Job 31^ Pr 17*; (3) idols and idolatry. Is 66^ 1 S 152s (cf. Beth-aven for Beth-el, Hos 4" [see Cheyne, p. 69] ; Aven for On in Egypt, Ezk 30" ; Aven for Heliopolis in Syria, Am 1'). 3. Kiv" (1) wickedness, Job 11"; (2) calamity. Is 30^; (3) falseliood, Ps 12- ; (4) emptiness, uselessness, Ps 60", Mai 3", Jer 2™, Ps 127'. 4. p-) (1) einpti- ness, Jer 51**; hence (2) fig. a useless, worthless thing, Ps 2' 42 73'^ Lv 26", Is 49*, Hab 2". 5. mn (1) waste, Gn P, Dt32'», Is 24'" ; hence (2) fig. empti- ness, uselessness. Is 49'' 41^ 45". Greek /iaroiiri)?, what is devoid of truth and fitness, 2 P 2" ; per- verseness, Eph 4" ; frailty, Ro 8-° ; also liaTaioKoyla., empty talk, 1 Ti 1° ; ^ToioXcryos, idle talker, Tit 1'° ; /idraios, devoid of force, truth, success, result, Ja 1", 1 Co 15" S"", Tit 39, IP 1" ; tA /tidraia, idols and idolatry, Ac 14" ; (uiTaibw, to become profitless, emiity, Ro P'. Also Kcv6i, literally empty, fig- void of truth, Eph 5" Col 2» ; void of worth, Ja S** ; void of result, 1 Co 15'" ; (ccvoSoffo, groundless self-esteem, empty pride, Ph 2' ; Kevboo^os, con- ceited. Gal 5-° ; Kcvoipuivla, empty discussion, 1 Ti 6=», 2 Ti 2" ; Kei>6a, to empty, to make void, Ro 4'*, 2 Co 9*: also some other words of less importance.