• Aug. De doctr. clirist. ii. 11. The Jews, too, laughed at the variations in the Latin versions ; see Jerome's Comm. in Ezech. c. xxxvii. (v. 432 in Vallarsi's edition, Venice, 1706-71).
t Apol. adv. liu/. iii. ti (\'all. ii. 637), ' Ego philosophus, rhetor, graminaticus. dialecticus, hebrseus, grscus, latinus, triiin^iis ' : see van Ess, pp. 101, 108.
} kp. c\v. 6 {Au(]itRtini ad Uieron.).
§ f.fj. I'TCPf. in lilrr. Job ex Graico, * Igitur et vos et unum-
5nemque lectorem solita pnefatione comuioneo ' ; J'rcp/. in lihr. 'satmorum iwcta LXX, ' unde cousueta praifatione commoneo,' etc.
II Ep, civ. 6 (Aug^tstini ad Uieron.), 'Proinde non parvas Deo gratias agimus de opere tuo, quo Evangclium ex Gneco interpretatus es.'
•l kp. Ixxi. 6, ' Novum Testamentum GrsecsQ reddidi auctori- tati." cf. De ttir. illustr. cxxxv.; Ep. cxii. 20 (ad Avguntimnn), *Et si me ut dicis, in Novi Tcstamenti emendatione susripis,' etc.. which looks like a correction of Augustine's ' Evangehum ex GrsBco interpretatus es.'
and even mentions jiassages in the Epistles where his own version differs from the Old Latin.* If seems liardly possible to doubt, therefore, that he did revise tne whole of the New Testament, though no doubt the revision was much more hurried and perfunctory after the Gospels were off his hands ; t such readings, liowever, in the Acts as 8^ curavcrunt for coniportavcrunt of the OL, 11* urdinem for per ordinem, IG" laudabant dcum for hi/mnum dicebant {canebani) deo, \G^ dimiltite for diinitte, are obvious instances of Ilieronymian cor- rection, sometimes against all known Gr. MSS (see below, p. 882).
At the same time, apparently, Jerome made his first revision of the Olil Latin I'salter ; it was simply emended from the Greek of the LXX, and the translation was altered only where the sense absolutely demanded it.J This revision was caUcd the lioman Psalter, in opposition to the Psnlterium Vetus, and was in use in the Churches in Rome and Italy till the pontificate of Pius v. (1566-1.")72), who introduced the Gallican Psalter (see below) generally, though the Roman was still retained in three Churches in Italy. § Towards the end of 384 pope Damasus died ; and in the August of the following year (385) Jerome left Rome for Pales- tine. There he and his companions studied the topography, scenery, and cities of the Holy Land ; || and after a journey to Egypt returned thither again to settle at Bethlehem, wliere (389) the two conventual buildings were founded, over one of which — that for monks — Jerome was for so long to preside, while over the other — that for nuns — Paula, the devout widow wiio had been his companion in travel, ruled ; and was succeeded, on her death, in 404, by her daughter Eustochium.
Meanwhile, Jerome's Biblical studies had not slackened. The Roman Psalter had been so rapidly multiplied and so carelessly copied, that its text was soon in as bad a state as the Old Latin ; IT and in answer to the requests of Paula and Eustochium he undertook a second revision, correcting in addition the Greek text from the other Greek versions, and making use of Origen's critical signs : a passage between an obelus and two points was to be understood as present in the LXX but absent from the Hebrew ; that between an asterisk and two points was lacking in the LXX, and had been supplied not directly from the He- brew, but from the Greek version of Theodotion.** This version is known as the Gallican Psalter, as it early obtained wide popularitj' in Gaul, probably through the influence of Gregory of Tours.tt and ultimately became the current version in the Latin Church ; the exact date of its publication is not known^but it was probably about A.D. 387.
* e.g. Ep. xxvii., where he quotes from Eo 12" '3, 1 Tl l'» 6'».
t See especially on this point Vallarsi's preface to vol. x. of Jerome's works, pp. xix-xxi ; and also Bp. J. Wordsworth in Sludia BiMica, vol. i. p. 128.
I I^rcef. in libr. Pnabnoniin (Vq-W. x. 106), * Psalterium Ronia3 dudum positus emendaram, et juxta LXX interpretes, licet cursim, magna illud ex parte correxeram.'
§ Hody, p. 3S3, • in una Uoma} Vaticana ccclesia, et extra urbem in Mediolanensi et in ecc. S. Marci, Venetiis ' ; it is still used in S. Peter's at Rome, and at Milan ; and also iiarlly retained in the Roman Missal, and in one place in the Brevii.ry in the Invitatory psalm 90 (94) ; see Kaulen, p. 100.
II The advantages of such study for the purposes of tran»> lation he insists on in the Pr<e/. in libr. I'aralip. iitxtn LX.K.
II PrcE.f. in libr. Psalm, (x. 106), 'Quod quia rursuiu v:*leci§ . . . scriptorum vitio dcjiravatum, plusque antiouuxr ^rrorem, quam novum emendationem valerc'
•* Id., ' Uhicumque viderit virgulam prscedentem (-H), ab ea usque ad duo puncta(:) quaj imprcssimus, sciat in LXX trana- latoribus plus haberi. Ubi autem steihe (•) similitudinem per- spexcrit, ae Ilebrxns vohiminibus additum noverit, a^que us()U« ad duo puncta, juxta Theodotionis dumtaxat editioiicm, qui simplicitate semionis a LXX interpretibus non discordat.' The virijula of cour8e = the obelus, and the g(f^/o = the aiti^risk.
U i.e. at the end of the 8th cent. ; see Walafrid Strabus in Hody, p. 382.