The sixth part of the ephnh-bath for liquids was the hin (i-.i, LXX lv or etv [B], but x°"^, Lv ig^"), a term apparently of Egyp. origin, the henu (Coptic eiiic) of Egjpt, however, being a much smaller measure (see preceding §). With the exception of Ezk 4" (J hin of water), the hin occurs exclusively in the Priests' Code in connexion with the ott'erings of wine and oil that accompanied the mealotfering. Tlius we have ^ hin, J hin, i hin, all in Nu 28". The value of the hin was IJ-IJ galls. The double of the hin, the seah (ins, airov), was used exclu- sively as a dry measure, containing 6 kabs (see Mishna, Menahoth vii. 1 ; Para i. 1, and oft,). It was the third of the ephnh, and is therefore to be identified with the shalish (Is 40'-, lit. 'third,' hence AVm ' tierce '). The ^cah is variously rendered by the LXX ; but where not given by the general term luTpov, whence our AV 'measure,' it is wrongly identified with the ephah (1 S 2.')") or with the metrctcs (\ K 18^-). The correct adrov is found in the later translations of Aquila and .Symmachus, but in LXX only in Hag 2'"i"i, where no measure is named in the original. In the NT also it appears as aaTov (Mt 13^, Lk 13-' ' three measures of meal '), where it is equal in value to \k modii (Jerome) or 24 pints, the 'three measures' being, of course, an ephah or IJ bushels of flour.* We have seen in a former section that a seah of seed was calculated to sow a surface of 2500 sq. cubits, which thus became the common unit of surface measure.
The most common of the large measures was the eph'th-bnth, originally in all probability equal to 65-OG pints, but in NT times identiliccl with the metretes of nearly 72 pints. The ephah was used exclusively for measuring grain and otln r dry sub- htances, the bath exclusi velj' for liquids. The former term ajipears to be of Egyp. origin, and is given as ol<pi by the LXX (cf. Coptic oipi) when not rendered by nirpov (botli in Ezk 45"). On the other hand, they render the ephah of Is 5'° by Tpla fi&pa, evidently 3 yea/w, and so expressly in the Targuni of this passage (cf. Menahulti vii. 1). The h ephah of Ezk 45" 46'* is accordingly A seah. For the bath the LXX again use their favourite ^Urpov, or the absurd x"'"'? (only 2 pints ! Ezk 45'"), only once the correct jSdroj (Ezr 7-^). The 'hundred niea.sures of oil' (Lk 10") in the unjust steward's accounts were 100 hathi, or close on 900 gallons. The highest denomination in the system was the homer (X-') or kor (i:, EV ' cor ' in Ezk 45'*, but generally ' measure'), both used with considerable fre(iuency in OT as a measure of barley (Lv 27" etc.), wheat (Ezk 45"), and cereals generally. The identity of the kor and the homer, as each contain- ing 10 cphah-baths, with the information that the kor was also used for liquids, is given by Ezekiel (45"''-). The latter came in time to be the name in ordinary use for both wet ami dry measure, and pas-scd to the Greeks aa the K6po% (\ Es 8'*). The 'hundred measures of wheat' of Lk 16' are 100 kor.i, at tliis period equal to more than 1 1 10 bushels. Hosea tells us that |)art of the |)rice he paid for the
* The same quantity in Sarah's hands (On \&) was nearer a mibel.
vol- IV.— 58
recover}' of his unfaithful wife was a homer of barley and a.tethekh (-''^), which our EV, following Jewish (tadition, render as 'half a homer' (Ilos 3-), a value which it certainly has in the Mishna.
In the NT we find the names of Gra'co-Uoman measures, although in some cases the terms are not used as measures, but as the names of house- hold utensils. Thus the xcxtcs of Mk 7*", properly the scxtariiis or pint measure, is here used generally of a cup or other small domestic vessel. The mudius (^«i5ios)of Mt5"and parallels, however, is a classical loan-word for the housewife's «<;aA-ineasure required for the daily provision of the household bread. On the other hand, the 'firkins' of Jn 2" are the Gr metretes of c. 72 pints, which we have seen to bo the working equivalent of the bath. Apart from its careless use by the LXX, now for ^eah, now for bath, it is found 1 Es 8'-" (AV ' pieces of wine,' KV 'firkins') and Bel » (AV 'vessels of oil,' HV ' firkins '). We have seen above that the metretes was also the working equivalent in Egypt of the artabc (apri^ri, liel'AV and KV 'great measures'; also Is 5'° LXX, anotlier gross miscalculation), which was originally of the same cubic capacity as the epluih-h'dh, i.e. e. 65 pints. The author of the Fourth Gospel represents Mary of Bethany as taking a Xirpa (EV ' ]iound ') of ointment of spike- nard to anoint our Saviour's feet (Jn 12^). This has usually been understood of the Koman jiound, as in Jn 19'" ; and probably with justice. Ilultsch, however (J/cir/.- 720 f., 602), understands by the former litra the vessel of horn, in which such un- guents were kept by the Roman physicians, with