The verb [TV], denom. from ly, means In Hiphil [the only instance of Qal is in KethUth of La 21^] — (1) ' testif\- or witness,' in favour of (Job 29", La 2is [A'ct-C]), or against (1 K 211" '3) one, or between two parties (Mal'yi'i) ; (2) ' cause to testify,' i.e. •take as witness' (Is 82, Jer 3'2'»-25. "), with ^ 'against' (Dt 428 3018 3128) ; (3) • protest,' ' affirm solemnly,' ' warn ' (Jer 6H> Neh IS"), with 51 (Gn 44'»(<' [JJ, Ex 1921 [E] 2119 (Hoph. ' if • protest have been entered '), 1 S 89 Sis, 1 K 2", 2 Ch 24i», Neh 92« 1321, Jer 4219, Am 31S) ; note esp. the instances where God ia the subject : Ex 1923 [j], Dt S" 32«, 2 K IT'S. 1», Neh 9» 3»- 3«, Jer H'ler, Zeo 36, Ps 60' 81'; whencs the use explained >» tit
WIZARD
WOMAN
933
Tmtisiont of the term 'testimonies' for God's laws as solemn chaives or declarations of the l>ivine ftill.
r^y [lit. 'answer,' 'reapond'] has the specific sense of 'respond off a vitness,' 'testify': with 3 'for' Gn 3(M3 ; but usually against. Ex W 232, Nu 3530 (pj, ut 3" 1918- 18, 1 S 12^, 8 S li«, Is 38 &9'2, Mic 63, Jer 14?, Ru 1»» (7), Pr Zo's ; with I'jfJ H08 5» 7i», Job 168 ; with VJ5^ Dt SI" (+1^) ' a» witness 'X
The testimony of at least two witnesses was required to justify a capital sentence, Dt 17' 19", Nu 35** [P]. Cf. tlie general saying 'that at the mouth of two witnesses or three every word may be established' (Mt \S", similarly 2 Co 13', He 10=* ; also the rule laid down in 1 Ti 5'" that an accusation is not to be received against an elder except on the information of two or three wit- nesses) ; and note the two witnesses against Naboth (1 K 21'"), and against Jesus (Mt '2G*'). Although perjury was punished by the inlliction of the same penalty as the false evidence, if accepted, would have involved for the accused (Dt 19'"*^), we gather from the last two instances (cf. the evidence suborned against Stephen, Ac 6") as ■well as from the terms of the Ninth Command- ment, that amongst the Jews false witness was as common and as easily procurable as it still is in many Eastern courts of justice. The witnesses, in the event of the accused being condemned to death, had to take the leading part in carrying out the sentence, Dt 17', cf. 13'" i»i and Ac 7**.
In the NT the apostles are repeatedly presented in the character of witnesses (iiipTvpe^) regarding the life and death and, above all, the resurrection of the Lord Jesus (Lk 24«, Ac P- - 2^- 3" o»- lO^"- •" 13" 22» 26", 1 P 5' ; cf. Mt •24'^, Ac 4'^). Tlie name fiAprvs is twice (Kev 1» 3'*, cf. 1 Ti 6") ap- plied to our Lord Himself ; it is u.sed also of the two witnesses of Kev 11'. John the Baptist came els uapTiplay, that lie might bear witness concerning the Light (Jn 1'). The heroes of faith of the OT are 'the cloud of witnes.ses' {y^<pos piapTipuv) of He 12'. A V tr. niprvs by ' martyr ' in Ac 'i-il", Uev 2" 17', but it is questiunalile whether the word had acquired this sense in NT times (see Martyu). RV has 'martyr' onlj' in Kev 17', elsewhere 'wit- ness.' For the ' witness of tlie Spirit ' (Ko 8", cf. 1 Jn 5'") see art. Holy Si'Irit, vol. ii. p. 409''.
J. A. Shldie.
WIZARD.— See Sorcery, p. 606'.
WOLF.— In all the passages in the OT where AV and RV have 'wolf the Heb. original is dk] zCeb, LXX and NT \vko%, Vulg. lupus, Arab, dki'b. The wolf is, unfortunately, quite abundant in the Holy Land, and very de.structive to the flocks of sheep and goats, which constitute so large a part of the wealth of the peojile. It is not surjirising, therefore, that the allusions to it and its habits should be frequent. Its insatiablencss is the theme of a comparison with Kenjamin (Gn 49"). One of the most signal miracles of the triumph of God's kingdom is the change in the habits and instincts of the wolf (Is 11« 65-», Sir 13"). The princes of apostate Israel ate characterized as wolves (Ezk 22"). The nocturnal habits of the wolf are noted (.ler 5' nin-jy^ 'evenings,' m. 'deserts,' Hab 1", Zcph 3'). The enemies of the truth are wolves (Mt 10", Lk ICH, Jn 10'»). Hypocrites in the Christian Church are wolves (Mt 7'*, Ac 20=»). The wolv(!» of the Holy Land are large, tawny, and usualry solitary, or one or two together. Tliey prowl around the flocks and herds, and sometimes get into the folds. They seldom attack men.
G. E. Post.
WOMAN.—
Heb. .n^'K, a form stmiUr to ir^'x and c^'^jK ' man,' but, accord- ing to Ojcf. Ueb. Lex., not derived from the some root, but
perhaps from ViH, - ' -'', with the senie o( ' tender," (rail.'
On 2® (where Luther has Mannin, Symm. ithfit, Vulg. nVfl^oJ cannot be taken as an authoritative statement of etymoloj^'y ; but it illustrates a popular conception of the relation of the worda based on the Heb. tradition of the origin of woman. In three places (Lv 1533, Xu ajls, )„ 81S2) AV, followed by KV, hoc the Eng. word 'woman' for •"'^SJ, which is literally 'female,' is used for the female of animals {e.{j. Gn 619, Lv 3'- 6), and tr. 'female' when applied to the human race in Gn 127 52.