* Joseitluiti odds (iii. 2) that David took poHSession of the* Upper City, which he called (/i./ v. iv. I) the fortreBa (^^^^«»). and Joined the Akra to it. This postiibly refers to the first eiiduHuro of the wentcm spur, which liavid may well have undertaken tuwarde the clone of his reijin, when the develop, uient of tnide had greatly enriched the kin{;dom.
f Some of the copper coina etnick during the war of Vespanian anil the rebellion in llulrian's reign bear ttio legonda Liff'uUath /loa, ' Dolivomnce of Zion.' and Chfrut\ Z., ' EmondpatiOD of Zioo.* See art. MoxSY, vol. iU. p. iSl.
315 f.), Robertson Smith (art. 'Jerusalem' in Enajc. Brit.' 1881), Sayce {PEFSt, 1883), von Alien (ZZ>Prii. IStf., iii. 116tt.), Klaiber (Z/>PK iii. 189 ti"., iv. ISIl.), Guthe {ZDPVv. 271 K., 1883), G. A. Smith (in Enci/c. Bibl. 2418), and the ma- jority of recent authorities. Guthe (I.e.) believed that his excavations proved the existence of a wide, deep ditch or hollow, cut through the hill, in a N. W. direction, from tlic Virgin's Fount to the TyropcEon Valley. But his excavations Avere not complete, and tlie view tliat he found the ditch of the strong- hold must be accepted with reserve.
The identification of Zion with the western spur is accepted by Keland, liobinson, Ritter, Williams, de VogU6, Stanley, Conder, and others ; but, as will have been seen, it is exceedingly difficult to recon- cile with the statements of the OT.
The following view may be suggested. When David took Jerusalem it was a hill-town on the south part of the eastern spur, with a small castle or acropolis, called Zion, situated at a convenient spot to the south of the present JJaram esh-Sherif. After David's capture of the city he at once com- menced to rebuild and strengtlien its fortifications, especially those of the stronghold and Millo.* Towards the end of his reign, when a period of great prosperity had set in, he commenced the enclosure of the western spur ; and his work on both spurs was continued by Solomon (1 K 9"'''*t 11"), tlezekiah (2Ch 32^ cf. Is 22'), and Manasseh, who ' built an outer wall to the city of David, on the west side of Gihon in the valley 'J (2 Ch 33"). The stronghold of Zion became the city of David, and tliis name was soon extended to the town at the south end of the spur. When the town spread northward, Zion was connected with the central IJart of the spur, on which lay the royal buildings and, adjoining them on the north, at the top of the hill, the temide area ; and so it became a sacred name for tlie spot upon which the temple, the dwelling-place of Jahweh, stood. Afterwards, the name was frequently applied by prophets and poets to the temple enclosure, to the eastern spur, and to the holy city of Jerusalem.
In the time of Hadrian there was, according to Epiphanius (de Mens, et Pond, xv.), a small church on the western spur, which marked the site of the house — that of tlie mother of Mark — at which the apostles met after the Ascension. This church, apparently tlie same as that called by Cyril of Jerusalem the ' Church of the Apostles,' became in later years the basilica of holy Zion, or the 'Mother Church' on Zion. This tradition now attaches to the church of the Sjiian monastery, which claims to be the oldest ecclesiastical estab- lishment at Jerusalem. There was also a Church of St. Peter, or 'House of Caiaphas,' which is mentioned in the 5th cent, as being distinct from that of Zion (Brev. ; Theodosius, De loc. .wnct. ; see discussion in Antoninus Martyr, App. ii. P. P. Text Series, vol. ii.). C. W. Wilson.
ZIOR (-iv't). — A town in the hill-country of Judah, Jos 15^ (B -,ip9, A 2iii/)). It is prob. to be identified with the modem village Sdir, about 6 miles N.N.E. of Hebron. A pretended grave of Ksau is shown at the place, the origin of this tradition being probably the similarity of the names Sdir and Sc'ir (see Miililau in Riehm's //iriJ2 1871'; Gu6rin, Jud(e, iii. 150 f. ; PEF Mem. iii. 309, 379 ; Buhl, GAP 158). The Zior of Jos 15" can have nothing to do with the -iwp (Sior) of Eusebius and Jerome (05» 293, 19, 20;
• See art. Millo, and ct Stade, GVl i. 343.
t [This passage ahowH that Che palace wa« higher than, and therefore to the north of. the 'city of David.'— En.).
J This wall was built apparently to give more etflcient pro- tection to the passage leading to the Virgin's Fount, which was discovered by Sir C. Warreu.
151, 1-3), which is described as between MWi, (Jerusalem) and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin).
ZIPH (T!).— 1. A son of Jehallelel, 1 Ch 4'» (B 'A^ijaxf^ A Z(0o(, Luc. Z(0). 2. A city ot Southern Judah, Jos 15-'' (B om., A 'I^Kafi^ [com- bining Ziph and the preceding Ithnan], Luc. Zelcp). Its site has not been recovered. 3. A city in the hill-country of Judah, Jos 15» (B 'Ofei^, A and Luc. ZI0), cf. 1 Ch 2''' (Ze(0) ; fortified by Reho- boam, 2Ch IP (B Zd^, A Zei^, Luc. Z(</>). The wilderness of Ziph (Tt i3ip) was one of the refuges of David (see vol. i. p. 564'') when fleeing from Saul, IS 23"-'»-2* 26-''". The gentilic name Ziphites (o'si and D'c'i ; LXX Z{(]iif>atoi) occurs in 1 S 23"''- '■« P-x-'i ""'y] 26', Ps 54 ""•. Ziph is the modern Tell Zif, S.E. of Hebron (Robinson, BRP* i. 492, 498 ; Gu^rin, Jud(e, iii. 159 If. ; G. A. Smith, HGHL 306 n.; Buhl, GAP 163). Jerome (OS- 159, 14) mis.states its distance from Hebron as 8 M.P., whereas it is under 5 (Roman) miles (Robinson).