Locusts are migratory insects, as the qualifying words, migratoria, percgrina. applied to them de- note. They are produced chiefly in desert regions on the lofty plateaux of the East, and, carried by their wings and driven on by the east wind, they invade western Palestine in compact Inxlies.
2. Biblical names. — The OT mentions locusts under at least nine difierent names. These are (1) -z^N 'arheh. Ex 10^- '-'^ i^, Lv lI-\ Dt 28**, Jg 65 V-, 1 K S-, -2 Ch 6-*, Job 39-», Ps 78^ 105*^ 109^, Pr 30-^ Jer 46^. Jl 1^ 2-s, Nah 3'5- '". (2) 2:n hagab, Lv 11-^, Xu 13^3, 2 Ch 7l^ Ec 125, Is itF. (3) c^-'-D sordm, Lv 11-. (4) S-in hargol. Lv 11-. (5) p'?' yclek, Ps \0o^, Jer 51»--^ Jl \* 2-^, Nah 3>«-. (6) "J-c- MsV, 1 K 8^, 2 Ch 6^. Ps 78*, Is 33^, Jl 1* 2^. (7) C;3 gazdm, Jl V 2-», Am 4'. (8) 33, 3i3, '3i3 geb, gob, gobai. Is 33*, Am 7^ Xah 3^". (9) Vs-^s zelfizal, Dt 28^.
It worild naturally be a matter of the greatest interest to know if these various names correspond with as many difierent species. But before reply- ing to this question, (a) we should have to be cer- tain that the ancients, tlie Easterns, the Hebrews in particular, were capable of making a distinction similar to that of genus and species used by modem scholars ; {b) we should have to be equally certain that Biblical writers employed the terms in their language in a strict and rigorous fashion (a thing which even modern writers do not always do) ; and (r) we should require sutticient data to enable us to assign such and such a Hebrew name to such and such a particular species. Now these three conditions cannot be fulfilled, and in such a case it may well seem chimerical to demand a system- atic classification, in accordance with present zoo- logical ])rinciples. of the various locusts mentioned in the Bible. We must remember that Oriental languages, such as Hebrew and Arabic, possess a considerable choice of synonyms to denote one and the same animal. We note that the LXX pro- ceeds on no regular system. It translates the Hebrew by using the terms dvpis, ^poCxos, Kafiirrj,
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LOGIA
LOG I A
45
I'algrave goes so far as to say (p. 346), ' Locusts are liere an article of Unni, nay, a dainty, and a pood swarm of them is lx!j:j;ed of HeaAcn in Arabia no less fervently than it would l)e deprecated in India or in Syria. . . . When Ixnled or fried they ■ne s;ii<l to be delicious, an<l l>oile<i and fried accord - iigly they are to an incredible extent.' It would jipear likewise, to judj>e from Thomson (I.e.), that Hoa,sionally dried, boilcnl, or fried locusts are eaten >ith honey. Even horses (Hlunt, ii. p. 79) and amels (l)aumas. p. 2.'yS) are fe<l on locusts. The Law of Israel, which strictly forbade the eatinjr of cre<>pinj^ things, insects, etc., juade an exception in the case or locusts, which are men- tioned under four different names, two of which {sol' dm and Icnrgol) are found only in this one jvas.sa|;e (Lv IK-^). The Law characterizes them m this sentence : ' Yet these may ye eat of all winjreti creepinj; things that go upon all four, which have legs aljove theii" feet, to leap withal uiH)n the ejvrth.'
LlTERATiRK.--Boo,hart, Hierozoi/Mn, i. pp. 34-3C, ii. pp. 441- 496 ; Burckhaixit, Travels tn Syria, 1822, p. 238 f., Xot^s on the Bedotnns, 1830, p. 269 ; William Ilae Wilson, Travels in Egypt mnd the Holy Land^, 1824, pp. :J2!)-.3.« ; Rei^grin, Gvidf yinn^is-aratM>, 1844, p. 702 f. ; G<Sii(iral E. Daunuus, lye Grand
Kohekth, IST.'i, Excursus by Wetzst«in, )>)>. 44.')-4.'>.5 ; I^ady Anne Blunt^ A Pilijrimage to Xejd'^, 1881, i. p. 04, ii. pp. .57 f., 79; P»lgTave, Central and Eastern Arabia, 1883, pp. 345-347; Tristram, Satvral History of the Bil,U, ISS.'i, pp. 306-318 ; Thomson, The lAind and the Book, ii. (1883) pp. 29.5-302, iii. [1886] p 1.30f.; Morris, BiMe Satvral History, 1896, pp. 211 f., 269 f.; Driver, Joel and .(4»n<js (Cambr. Hible for Schools), 1897, Excursus on Ix)c\ists, pp. 82-91 ; Tinni>el, Die (rerad/lvgler MUteletirnjyts, 1901 ; F. H. Fabre, Souvenir.<! entomohgiqu/;^, vi.
pp. 196-212, 248-297.
LUCIEV (iAUTIER.
LOGIA.—
1. Ancient use of the term.
2. Modern use of the term ; (<j) of Jesus' Saying« ; (6) of
compilations.
3. Tradition on transmission of the Sayingis.
4. Criticism of the tradition : (a) Internal evidence of the
tradition : (fj) Internal evidence of the Gosi)els.
5. Conjectural reconstructions of the source.
6. Conclusions
Literature.
1. Aticient tise o/ the term. — The Gr. Xiym is the plural of kii'icv 'a brief utterance.' ' ajwthejpn,' 'saving:' (so Schol. ad Aristoph. Han. 969. 973). Accordinf? to Liddell-Scott (U,x.) and Meyer (on Ro 3*), Uyiot is the neuter of /.«>.(« = ' learne<l,' 'mtional,' and hence means 'a wise sayin;?.' More correctly, •ccordinir to (Jrhnm-Thaver and others, it is a diminutive of kiytf 'word,' like ^i$\,it from ,3./3X«f 'book,' plur. to. j2i$>.i<ii. ' Wie (sacred) l)Ooks,' Eng. 'Bible.' In se<;ular writers (Hero- dotus, Thucyd., Aristoph., et al.) it is applied to the Divine uncles (liecause brief utterances), as those of the Sibyl of Dodona. of I>elphi, etc. The same connotation of m^red utter- Wtces attaches to the use of the word as applied to the Hebrew Scriptures, as by Philo and Josephus. Thus the contents of the OT, as Divine utterances, are calle<l t* x<.yia rev 6u\j. In par- ticular the Ten Words (Kng. ' Ten Conunandments ') are called by Philo T« lixA kr/z^x. (e<l. Mang'ey ii. p. 180flF). By XT writers we term is applied to the Scriptures (fenerally, as ' oracles ' of Ood, or to individual inspired utterances of projjhets, pre- Christian or Christian (Ac T'^, Uo :J2, He .'>I2, i 1> 4II). i,, Keclcsiastical writers of the sub-Aj>oslolic ajfe tk ytyim. rtV 6uu ia U9e<I of the admonitions of God in Scripture (Clem. Rom. ad Cor. liii. 1, in |>arallel with tu Imx., ypafx.,), and t« /«;-/« toZ tojp.'A,, or simplj t« >,«}/(«, of the |)r<}cepts of .lesus, not infhiding emtxxl,\ ing narrative. So es|>ecially Polycarj) ad Phil. vii. 1, denouncinj? heretics, who ' j)er\ert the precepts of the Ix)rd (ri Xc^ii TtC xvfxtv) to their own lusts, denyini? that there is either (bodih) resurrection or (day of) judg-ment' (of. Ilejfesippus np. Eus. UK II. xxiii. 9); and "I'apias (ap. Euseb. HK iii. 39), who inten>rete<I 'the oracles of the Ixird' (>.«>•(« xv^iDixa) in accord- ance « ith the tradition of elders who had been followers of the Aj>ostles. In I'api.is the /,«>-,« are made e<iuivalent to ' the commandments («»«>«.) delivered by the I/or»l to the faith,' and stand in contrast with 'alien commandments' (iA/.<jT/w»< i>T«>,a/) of heretical teachers, and the ' loquacity soujrht by the multi- tude ' (dx '•>^^il> oi TeXXo* Tti( T« T«XA* Xiycuri* 'iX'^i/>oy). The true interpretation of these logia is matter of tradition transmitted through (1) the Ai>ostles,' (2) the Elders ' the disciples of these ' (lege 6< TeCruy — Se,. t«» rcu xvpieu fjLaHr.rit — /umOrTxi [see ARISTION- Aristo], Iren. H/rr. v. v. 1 : «i' TptrSi/ttpti («') ri/V a-r«»-Ts/.«» /*«#rra,, Orig-en np. E<is. : tl hiahex^i nit a.Tim,>Mi). Compare Polycar^i (/.<•.), ' Wherefore leaving the vain talk (ttaTaierrra) of the multitude and the false teachings (4»i*i«JijK»-x«x/atf), let us